∆¹³C results for pulse seeds.

<p>Dashed lines indicate the suggested 'boundaries' between ∆¹³C ranges indicative of lentils grown under poorly (low ∆¹³C), moderately, and well (high ∆¹³C) watered conditions, based on the analysis of present-day crops [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127085#pone.0127085.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>]. ● = lentil (Lens culinaris), ◆ = pea (Pisum sativum), ▲ = bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia).</p

∆¹³C results for cereals grains from Tell Brak samples grouped by chronological period.

<p>Bars indicate means and standard deviations. <b>○</b> = glume wheat and <b>◇</b> = barley.</p

Difference between mean ∆¹³C for barley grain and mean ∆¹³C for wheat grain at each site.

<p>Dashed lines indicate the ∆¹³C difference predicted if two-row barley (at +1‰) or six-row barley (at +2‰) were grown with the same water availability as wheat, based on the analysis of present-day crops [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127085#pone.0127085.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>].</p

∆¹³C results.

<p>The ∆¹³C values for wheat grain (105 samples from 8 sites) are mostly between 16.2‰ and 17.7‰ (mean ±1σ). In terms of the water status framework based on stable isotope analysis of present-day crops [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127085#pone.0127085.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>], this range encompasses moderately watered crops (>c.16‰) and well-watered crops (>c.17‰).</p><p>∆¹³C results.</p

An Integrated Bioarchaeological Approach to the Medieval ‘Agricultural Revolution’: A Case Study from Stafford, England, c.ad 800–1200

In much of Europe, the advent of low-input cereal farming regimes between c.ad 800 and 1200 enabled landowners—lords—to amass wealth by greatly expanding the amount of land under cultivation and exploiting the labour of others. Scientific analysis of plant remains and animal bones from archaeological contexts is generating the first direct evidence for the development of such low-input regimes. This article outlines the methods used by the FeedSax project to resolve key questions regarding the ‘cerealization’ of the medieval countryside and presents preliminary results using the town of Stafford as a worked example. These indicate an increase in the scale of cultivation in the Mid-Saxon period, while the Late Saxon period saw a shift to a low-input cultivation regime and probably an expansion onto heavier soils. Crop rotation appears to have been practised from at least the mid-tenth century

Legislative Documents

Also, variously referred to as: House bills; House documents; House legislative documents; legislative documents; General Court documents

Feeding Anglo-Saxon England: a bioarchaeological dataset for the study of early medieval agriculture (Data paper)

The FeedSax project combined bioarchaeological data with evidence from settlement archaeology to investigate how, when and why the expansion of arable farming occurred between the 8th-13th centuries in England. It has generated and released a vast, multi-faceted archaeological dataset both to underpin its own published findings and to support further research. </p

Summary statistics of incremental tooth enamel carbonate δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values from Makriyalos I.

<p>Both δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values are reported relative to VPDB. Δ values indicate the amplitude of intra-tooth variation.</p

δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of bone collagen and charred emmer grain from Makriyalos I separated by context.

<p>Samples from feasting contexts (Pit 212 and Pit 214) are shown using open symbols. Samples from non-feasting contexts (habitation) are shown using filled symbols. Measurement error is shown in the bottom-right corner of the plot. Included are also previous measurements of contemporary human samples (<i>n</i> = 18) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0194474#pone.0194474.ref012" target="_blank">12</a>]. Summary statistics of three out of the five emmer grains presented in this table have previously been published in [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0194474#pone.0194474.ref084" target="_blank">84</a>].</p

Summary statistics of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of bone collagen and charred grain from Makriyalos I.

<p>δ¹³C values are reported relative to VPDB, δ¹⁵N values relative to AIR. Summary statistics of three out of the five emmer grains presented in this table have previously been published in [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0194474#pone.0194474.ref084" target="_blank">84</a>].</p