EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF PROCESS-BASED AND MACHINE LEARNING MODELS FOR RAINFALL-RUNOFF SIMULATION WITH APPLICATION OF SATELLITE AND RADAR PRECIPITATION PRODUCTS

Hydrology Modeling using HEC-HMS (Hydrological Engineering Centre-Hydrologic Modeling System) is accepted globally for event-based or continuous simulation of the rainfall-runoff operation. Similarly, Machine learning is a fast-growing discipline that offers numerous alternatives suitable for hydrology research\u27s high demands and limitations. Conventional and process-based models such as HEC-HMS are typically created at specific spatiotemporal scales and do not easily fit the diversified and complex input parameters. Therefore, in this research, the effectiveness of Random Forest, a machine learning model, was compared with HEC-HMS for the rainfall-runoff process. In addition, Point gauge observations have historically been the primary source of the necessary rainfall data for hydrologic models. However, point gauge observation does not provide accurate information on rainfall\u27s spatial and temporal variability, which is vital for hydrological models. Therefore, this study also evaluates the performance of satellite and radar precipitation products for hydrological analysis. The results revealed that integrated Machine Learning and physical-based model could provide more confidence in rainfall-runoff and flood depth prediction. Similarly, the study revealed that radar data performance was superior to the gauging station\u27s rainfall data for the hydrologic analysis in large watersheds. The discussions in this research will encourage researchers and system managers to improve current rainfall-runoff simulation models by application of Machine learning and radar rainfall data

Mechanical Property Characterization of Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced Composites by Computer Modeling

The desire to make high strength, lightweight, less corrosive, high fatigue resistance materials in auto industries, aero industries, biomedical industries have given a chance for in-depth study of composite materials. To get the profound knowledge of composites, different experiments are conducted which often take huge resources, cost and time. Computer modeling and analysis have gained popularity in Finite Element Analysis (FEA) because it can be used to predict the mechanical property of different materials. In this thesis, FEA technique has been used to predict mechanical property of discontinuous fiber reinforced composites (FRC). If we are able to foretell the mechanical property of discontinuous fiber reinforced composites (FRC), it can be used- being easy and less expensive to manufacture than continuous discontinuous fiber reinforced composites (FRC). The objective of this thesis is to find out the behavior of discontinuous fiber reinforced composites under tensile, compressive and shear test. Different volume percentage of random fibers, matrix was generated, which was subjected to FEA simulation. ANSYS 2015, commercially available Finite Element Analysis software, was used to generate model and as a solver. During tensile test, the model subjected to 1% elongation in one direction and other two directions were kept fixed. Displacement and force at each node was found, and later used to find Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio. For shear test, one plane was fixed while the opposite plane was given a deformation of 1%, displacement and force at each node was noted at different length of a model, which was further used to calculate Shear Modulus. Material property like Young’s Modulus, Shear modulus increased as the aspect ratio or volume percentage of fiber was increased however Poisson’s ratio was decreased as the fiber aspect ratio or volume percentage was increased

Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Hydrological Processes in Urban Watersheds: Analysis and Forecasting for Flood Risk Management

Land use and land cover (LULC) change is one of the primary contributors to hydrological change in urban watersheds and can potentially influence stream flow and flood volume. Understanding the impacts of LULC change on urban hydrological processes is critical to effective urban water management and minimizing flood risks. In this context, this study aims to determine the impacts of LULC change on hydrological response in a fast transitioning watershed for the predicted years of 2050 and 2080. This research employs the hybrid land use classification technique, Cellular Automata–Markov (CA–Markov) model to predict land use changes, utilizing land use data from 2001, 2013, and 2021. Additionally, it incorporates a calibrated, event-specific hydrologic model known as the Personal Computer Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM) to assess alterations in hydrological responses for storm events of various magnitudes. The findings indicate a transition of the watershed into an urbanized landscape, replacing the previous dominance of agriculture and forested areas. The initial urban area, constituting 11.6% of the total area in 2021, expands to cover 34.1% and 44.2% of the total area by 2050 and 2080, respectively. Due to the LULC changes, there are increases in peak discharge of 5% and 6.8% and in runoff volume of 8% and 13.3% for the years 2050 and 2080 for a 100-year return period storm event. Yet, the extent of these changes intensifies notably during storm events with lower return periods. This heightened impact is directly attributed to the swift urbanization of the watershed. These results underscore the pressing necessity to regulate LULC change to preserve the hydrological equilibrium

“Tardus-parvus waveform” the only initial clue to mid-aortic syndrome- a rare cause of youth onset hypertension: A case report and a comprehensive review

Middle aortic syndrome (MAS), an uncommon cause of secondary hypertension, is defined by obstructive narrowing of the abdominal aorta and ostia of its major branches like the renal and splanchnic arteries. Most of the cases of MAS are categorized as idiopathic; however, genetic disorders like Williams syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), and Alagille syndrome, and acquired inflammatory diseases such as Takayasu arteritis and other nonspecific arteritis can also lead to MAS. MAS is commonly seen in children and young adults presenting with severe hypertension, congestive heart failure, renal failure, or severe leg claudication. The diagnosis of MAS on CT, MR, and conventional angiography is fairly straightforward. However, the spectrum of sonographic findings in MAS can be varied. Since ultrasound is frequently utilized as a first-line investigation for secondary causes of hypertension, it is especially crucial to understand the sonographic features of MAS. Here, we report a case of a young female who presented to our hospital with severe hypertension. On the Renal Doppler scan, the only clue of the renovascular etiology of her secondary hypertension was the “tardus-parvus waveform’’ in the intrarenal arteries

Waardenburg Syndrome and hirschsprung Disease in a child: A case report

Introduction: Waardenburg Syndrome (WS) type IV or Waardenburg-Shah Syndrome (WSS) is a genetic disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, pigmentary defects of the hair and skin, heterochromia of the eyes, and Hirschsprung Disease (HD). There are three other forms of WS, none of which include HD. Case presentation: A 7-year-old female born to non-consanguineous parents presented to our clinic with a history of chronic constipation. She had a white forelock on the frontal aspect of the head and multiple depigmented macules on the chest and lower extremities. She also had sensorineural hearing loss. On the physical exam, her abdomen was distended but soft and non-tender. The digital rectal exam was unremarkable. Plain film of the abdomen showed dilated bowel loops. She underwent a contrast enema that showed a narrow rectum and a dilated sigmoid colon. She subsequently underwent a rectal biopsy, which confirmed the diagnosis of HD. The combination of all the features confirmed the diagnosis of WSS. She underwent a laparotomy-assisted trans-anal pull-through, from which she recovered uneventfully. Conclusion: The possibility of WSS must be considered when a patient with HD presents depigmented lesions in the body and hearing loss

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with hemorrhagic infarct: A rare presentation in a risk-defying male patient

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare but critical cerebrovascular condition characterized by clot formation in cerebral veins or sinuses. We present a case of a 30-year-old male with CVST, an atypical presentation of right-sided weakness and sudden loss of consciousness. While CVST typically manifests as severe headaches and neurological deficits, our patient's unique symptoms pose diagnostic challenges. Advanced imaging techniques, including MRI with venography, played a pivotal role in confirming the diagnosis. Treatment involved anticoagulation therapy and resulted in a favorable outcome. This case highlights the importance of considering CVST in patients with unusual neurological symptoms and the crucial role of early diagnosis and intervention. Advances in diagnostic modalities and treatment options have significantly improved outcomes in CVST patients, emphasizing the need for timely recognition and management

Testicular adrenal rest tumors (TART) secondary to congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A case report emphasizing early detection and management

This study highlights the significance of testicular adrenal rest tumors (TARTs) in the context of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The case report of an 11-year-old male with bilateral scrotal enlargement underscores the diagnostic challenges and complexities involved. Through thorough clinical, radiological, and hormonal assessments, we elucidate the pathophysiology, prevalence, and potential impact on fertility. Early detection and management of TARTs are crucial for preserving testicular function. Regular scrotal ultrasound screenings are recommended to avert long-term complications in male CAH patients

Malignant rectal GIST managed with chemotherapy (Imatinib Mesylate): A case report and a comprehensive review

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors involving the gastrointestinal tract, arising from the interstitial cells of Cajal. GIST comprises about 1% of all GI tumors. Rectal GISTs are rare and comprise of approximately 5% of all GISTs and only 0.1% of rectal tumors are found to be GISTs. Rectal GISTs may be diagnosed incidentally or present with symptoms, including defecation problems, bleeding, and/or pain. We report a case of a 46-year-old male with rectal GIST metastasized to the liver and bilateral lung parenchyma managed by Imatinib Mesylate (IM) regimen. Rectal GIST although being rare, must be considered as a differential diagnosis in a patient presenting with defecatory problems with bleeding

Traumatic Abdominal wall hernia with ileal perforation following blunt trauma abdomen: A rare case report and review of literature

Blunt trauma abdomen with abdominal wall herniation with bowel perforation is an acute emergency condition. Road traffic accidents causing blunt trauma are common in a youngster like in our case. Once the patient is resuscitated, ultrasonography and Computed tomography must be done. Early surgical exploration with mesh or primary repair of the defect is the mainstay of management. We have a case of a 25-year-old male with blunt trauma abdomen and anterior wall hernia following a road traffic accident who was managed with emergency exploratory laparotomy as computed tomography suggested anterior abdominal wall herniation of bowel content