Comparing the effect of using normal saline, N-acetyl cysteine and not using them in endotracheal tube suction on physiologic parameters and the amount of secretions in intubated patients under mechanical ventilation

Aims: Today a large number of patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit need mechanical ventilation via an artificial air way. Since these patients have endotracheal tube, endotracheal suctioning is necessary for increasing oxygenation, cleaning the airway and keeping it open. But this method consists of various side effects such as increased blood pressure and heart rate and respiratory rate, cyanosis, dizziness and increased intracranial pressure and hypoxia. This study aimed at comparing the effect of using normal saline serum, N-acetyl cysteine and not using them in endotracheal suctioning on physiologic parameters and the amount of secretions in intubated patients under mechanical ventilation. Material & Methods: It was a controlled clinical trial study with random allocation that was performed on 54 intubated patients hospitalized in ICU of health educational centers of Babol Medical Sciences University in 2014. Endotracheal tube suctioning was performed for each patient once without saline, the second time with 3 ml of normal saline and the third time with 2 ml of N-acetyl cysteine. Blood pressure, Heart rate, Respiratory rate, Arterial oxygen saturation were measured and recorded before each stage of suctioning and two and five minutes after that. Amount of secretions was measured after each method of suctioning. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 statistical software, variance analysis with repeated measures, ANOVA and paired t statistical tests. Results: Blood pressure, Heart rate and Respiratory rate were increased after suction in all the three groups, but these changes were higher in the group that received normal saline. Mean decrease of Arterial oxygen saturation was more in the method of receiving normal saline (p<0.05). The amount of secretion was more in the method of receiving N-acetyl cysteine (p=0.004). Conclusions: Endotracheal tube suctioning by using normal saline had more adverse effects on post- suction physiological parameters in compare with the other two methods. Therefore, it is recommended to not use normal saline in endotracheal tube suctioning to the possible extent, and if removing secretions is required, endotracheal N_acetyl cysteine should be used according to the patient's condition

Perbandingan Metode CF Dan K-NN Untuk Identifikasi Warna Pada Robot Soccer

Robot soccer adalah salah satu divisi dari Kontes Robot Cerdas Indonesia (KRCI). Tugas robot ini adalah bermain bola berdasarkan rule standar Internasional yang telah ditetapkan organisasi RoboCup. Sesuai dengan rule pertandingan robot soccer, bahwa warna setiap objek yang berada dalam lapangan pertandingan memiliki warna tertentu. Objek-objek yang dimaksud adalah bola, gawang, garis-garis putih, dan warna lapangan itu sendiri. Pada penelitian ini objek yang diteliti adalah bola (orange) dan gawang (kuning). Tingkat akurasi dan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengidentifikasi menjadi pertimbangan dalam mendisain fungsi vision robot soccer. Penelitian ini digunakan dua metode untuk mengidentifikasi warna objek pada robot soccer yaitu Color Filtering (CF) dan k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) untuk mengklasifikasi warna per-pixel dalam citra, kemudian dilanjutkan deteksi objek, mencari titik pusat koordinat dan pengukuran jarak objek dengan aksi scanning dan tracking. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan waktu komputasi dengan CF adalah 0,097 detik dan k-NN adalah 0,27 detik, sedangkan rerata error estimasi jarak bola dengan rentang pengukuran 10 cm sampai dengan 360 cm menggunakan CF adalah 6,02% dan k-NN 7,19%.Kata Kunci—Robot Soccer, k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), Color Filtering

Pembuatan Bio-Oil dari Kayu Cemara (Causarina Equisetifolal) dengan Teknologi Pirolisis Menggunakan Katalis MO/NZA

Bio-oil can be produced by pyrolisis of causarina wood with catalyst Mo/NZA. The purpose of this research was to produce bio-oil from causarina wood, determine the effect of theimpregnation percentage of Mo metal and ratio of Mo/NZA catalyst on the yield of bio-oil and determine the physical and chemical characteristics of bio-oil. Pyrolysis using 50 grams causarina wood, 500 ml silinap and Mo/NZA catalyst with variations of the impregnation percentage of Mo metal 0%, 0,5%, 1%, 1,5% and the variation ratio of Mo/NZAcatalyst 3% and 5% of the biomass with a stirring speed of 300 rpm and a temperature of 320ºC for 120 minutes. In this research, the highest yield on the variation of the impregnation percentage of metal 1,5% and the ratio of catalyst 5% of the biomass amounted to 66,79%. Characteristics of bio-oil obtained were density 1,012 gr/ml, viscosity 3,14 cP, acid number 75,48 mg NaOH/gr sample, and the flash point 52oC. The results of GC-MS analysis, the dominant chemical components inthe bio-oil were 2-propanone,1-hydroxy- with an area 51,55 % , 1,1'-bibicyclo(2.2.2)octyl-4- carboxylic acid with an area 14,77 % dan 2-Propanone with an area 0,8 %

Pengaruh Siklus Pencelupan-Pengeringan pada Pembuatan Film Tipis Tembaga Oksida Berbasis Nitrat dengan Konsentrasi 0,4M sebagai Solar Selektif Absorber

Solar Selective Absorber (SSA) is a thin film at the coating surface of the collector that absorbs solar radiation selectively and convert it into maximum heat energy. Solar selective absorber can be synthesized using sol-gel dip-coating method. The purpose of research is to synthesize the thin film of copper oxide solar selective absorber from copper nitrate precursor using sol-gel dip coating methode, to know the influence dipping-drying cycle variation to absorptance value. Pieces of aluminum with size 2x4x0.5cm were cleaned using a solution of phosphoric acid 10% at temperature 50oC for 10 minutes. Sol precursor was prepared by disolved copper nitrate trihidrate 0,4M and propio nic acid in ethanol. The sol prekursor was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The coating was synthesized by varying the number of dipping-drying cycles 1x, 2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x and 10x, then annealed at temperature 550 ºC for 1 hour. Reflektance spectra in the area of UV-Vis-NIR show that increased cycles of dip-coating increase the value of absorptance (α). The results showed that the highest absorptance value found in coatings which was synthesized using copper oxyde 0.4M at 10x cycles with absorptance (α) = 74.32%

Rancang Bangun Demodulator FM

FM demodulator is used to demodulate signal in FM receiver. Demodulation process is performed to recover the information signal. The information signal is 3.4 kHz which ismodulated with a carrier signal of 19 kHz. FM demodulator is designed with PLL (Phase Locked Loop) method, it used the concept of phase locking signal. FM demodulator withPLL method consist of four blocks, that is phase comparator, second-order Butterworth LPF, VCO wienbridge, and buffer amplifiers. Design of FM demodulator trainer begins with calculate to determine the component value which suitable with cut off frequency. The next process to make the layout of the pcb board, dissolution layout, pcb board drilling, mounting the female connectors to pcb board, installation of component connectors to the header, and make a box to place trainer FM demodulator. The results obtained at each signal FM demodulator block is different. Demodulated signal is obtained at the buffer amplifier block, where the signal is same as the output signal at function generator is 3.4 kHz

Penerapan Pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning (Ctl) Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar IPS Siswa Kelas Iii.c Sdn 020 Jaya Mukti Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014

. His research is motivated by low yields III.C grade social studies students Jayamukti Elementary School 020. Based on the results of the initial observations of the number of students who completed the pre cycle amounted to only 10 people, or 26%. The low yield is due to a lack of learning activities of students in learning and lack of interest of students towards learning as a method of teaching social studies teacher monotonous. To overcome this, the researchers conducted a study to apply the learning model CTL (Contekstual Teaching Learning) in social studies learning. This research is a form of action research conducted with the cycles of nature are two phases of planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The subjects were III.C grade students of SD Negeri Jayamukti 020. Data collection techniques are performed through testing and observation techniques using descriptive data analysis techniques. From the results of the first cycle of students who pass higher than during the pre-cycle was 23 people or 61% and the second cycle was also an increase amounted to 36 people or 95%. So it can be concluded that by using a learning model CTL (Contekstual Teaching Learning) to improve learning outcomes IPS III.C grade Elementary School Students 020 Jayamukti. Keyword. Contectual teaching and learning, outcome learning IP

Assessment of gait symmetry improvements in national athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during rehabilitation

This study aimed to quantify changes in gait parameters and their symmetries among athletes with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions during a rehabilitation program. Twenty-two national players with ACL reconstructions and 15 healthy athletes were recruited. The gait data were collected between postoperative weeks 4-5, 8-9 and 12-13 using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. The spatio-temporal gait parameters and symmetry indexes (SIs) were evaluated for the patients and the control group. One-way and repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyse the data. The results demonstrated significant differences among spatio-temporal (P0.05). The rehabilitation program allowed national athletes to restore symmetry in spatio-temporal gait parameters toward the control group's range 12-13 weeks post-reconstruction

Kinerja Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian (BPP) dan Dampaknya pada Perilaku Petani Padi di Sulawesi Selatan

This research was aimed to know factors related to the action programs as a representation of BPP performance and relationship between factors that potentially increase BPP performance and their impacts to the behavioral changes of ricefield farmers in South Sulawesi. Population of this research were all BPP located in 15 districts (regencies) in South Sulawesi (176 sub-districts/150 BPP). Determination of samples used Slovin method, number of samples was 109 BPP located within 109 sub-districts. Research design was done based on the ex post facto with method design of survey and interviews using questionnaires. Design of data analysis used approach of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) model applying LISREL program. Results of the research showed that variables of BPP development, BPP management, human resources, guided farmers, BPP resources, and BPP adaptation were significantly influencing the action programs as BPP representative performances with correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.72, the remaining 28 percent was affected by other factors outside of the study. Those factors directly influenced each others both insignificant and significant at α = 0.05. Besides that, they also indirectly influenced farmer behavior as much as 0.78 unit. The influence of action program as representation of BPP performances to the farmer behavior was indicated by correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.61, the remaining 39 percent was influenced by other variables outside of the study. Strategic implication of this research become important to the farmer behaviors, and to the development of BPP performances through action programs to a better direction by considering BPP development, BPP management, human resources, guided farmers, BPP resources and BPP adaptation