Reflexión acerca de las causas matrimoniales en España

Summarium Intendit hoc studium responsum dare articulo P. Romualdo Rodrigo, O. A. R., edito in recensione Romanae Universitatis Gregorianae, «Periodica», a. 1973, p. 503-550. Per copiosa data considerationesque significatur status processuum matrimonialium in Hispania. Urgetur character iudicialis, non administrativus, Decreti ratificantis, sicut in Motu proprio «Causas matrimoniales » regulatur. Respectu matrimonii, Hispania non est fautor divortii, et tramitatio causarum matrimonii canonici, vel nullitatis sint vel separationis, reservatur tribunalibus Ecclesiae. Res publica agnoscit valorem harum decisionum quantum ad effectus civiles, quorum determinatio iudicibus civilibus competit Animadvertitur praestantia quam pro matrimonio et familia leges hispanae habent, non enim tribuunt effectus iuridicos separationi consensuali ad mentem doctrinae et iuris Ecclesiae. Ideo non permittitur transigere in solutione vinculi, neque in ruptura cohabitationis, neque in officio patrum. catholicae filiorum instructionis. Statu actuali divortiorum, nullitatum separationumque considerato, urgetur convenientia Ecclesiae tuendi, ubi possibile sit, sanctitatem atque dignitatem matrimonii familiaeque et non cedendi ius suumcognitionis causarum matrimonialium separationis. Pro munere quod Ecclesia fidelibus suis praestare debet quantum ad iustitiam de matrimoniis, principia, qUibus tribunalium ecclesiasticorum ordinatio regi debeat, studuuntur. Specialiter considerata est convenientia Rotae Nuntiaturae Apostolicae Matritensis, in relatione cum tribunalibus minoribus Hispaniae et cum pontificiis, praesertim cum sacra Rota Romana. Auctor examinat argumenta adducta contra tribunalia ecclesiastica hispana. Denique proponuntur conclusiones et sugerentiae circa tribunal unipersonale in unaquaque dioecesi, circa tribunalia facultativa provincialiaet dioecesana, circa tribunalia Barcinonis Matritique, et circa Rotam Nuntiaturae Apostolicae. Magni momenti sunt varia schemata circa gradationem tribunalium. Erectio Studii Rotalis postulatur.-------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract This paper appeared in response to an article of P. Romualgo Rodrigo, OAR. which had be en published in «Periodica» (1973), pp. 503-550, a journal of the Gregorian University in Rome. Reporting a grand Lumber of facts and considerations, the author explains the actual condition of matrimonial processes in Spain. He insists in the judidal, and not administrative, nature of the ratifying Decree, as determined in the Motu proprio .Causas matrimoniales». Spain does not recognize divorce, and the transaction of the causes of marriage according to canon law, whether it be a case of nullity or separation, is reserved for the Church courts. The government recognizes these decisions to all legal effects, which should be determined by the civil courts. The author points out the advantage that Spanish law offers with respect to marriage and the family since the civil code does not concede legal effects to a consented separation, in agreement with Church doctrine and law. Therigidity of Spanishlaw withrespect to the dissolution of the marriage bond, the decision of the married couple to live apart, and the parentalresponsabilities regarding the Catholic upbringing of the children is a logical consequence of this posture. Considering the current state of divorce, nullificationand separation, the •author insists that the Church must, whenever possible, strive to safeguard the dignitv and holiness of marriage and of the family; and should not surrender its right to decide cases of matrimonial separation. In relation to the service which the Church offers its faithful seeking justice in matrimonial affairs, this paper studies the principies which should guide the organization of the ecclesiastical courts. The author hasexamined with special attention the convenience of the Rota of the Apostolic Nunciatura in Madrid, in •relation to the lower Spanish and pontificalcourts, specially the Sacred Roman Rota. The author analizes subsequently the arguments which are employed in Spain to discredit the ecclesiastical tribunales. At the end of this paper various conclusions and suggestions are offered with respect to the unipersonal diocesan courts, the provincial and diocesan tribunales, the courts in Barcelona and Madrid, and the Rota of the Apostolic Nunciature. The report also provides interesting illustrations, showing the different levels of the distinct tribunales. The author advocates a serious study of the Rota

El proceso de Rato según la instrucción "dispensationis matrimonii"

Summarium Agitur de studioso commentario omnium normarum singillatim, ex primo epigraphe usque ad finalem aprobationem pontificiam, qua concluditur Instructio Dispensationis matrimonii. Documentorum superiorum super normis hac in re de processu dispensationis in matrimonio rato et non consummato utHitas atque necessitas memoratur ponderaturque_ Novas facultates episcopis concessis singulatim explicat et quantum importet quod instructor nunquam obliviscatur in transmissione thema probandum, Le., non consummationem et causam ad dispensationem concedendam_ Specialiter examinat practicas quaestiones processuales, quae referuntur ad instantiam petitionis dispensationis; ad actus anteprocessuales exequendos; ad possibilem optionem inter iudicialem processum vel administrativum de rato; ad tramittationem peculiarem in transmissione iudicii nullitatis matrimonii in processu dispensationis de rato. Emendationes examinantur atque valorantur innovationesque introductae in instructione causae, in episcopi facultatibus in subdelegando in aliquo tribunali idoneo extra propriam dioecesim, in probatione testium, in morali et phosico argumento. Super redactione actarum et usu magnetophoni exponit formalitates actae phonographicae et proponit actuale problema de probatione phonographica. In occasione novi officii consiliariorum vel peritorum suscitat interrogationes atque responsiones de variis quaestionibus practicis quae possunt surgere circa hanc partem processus, cuius figura iuridica, facultates et munera determinadae sunt_ Explicat quod ad observationes Defensoris vinculi et ad suffragia tribunalis ac episcopi attinet. Glossat normas de usu linguarum vernacularum, de redactione ac ordine actorum fasciculi et eius missione in S. Congregationem Sacramentorum. Denique quod attinet ad rescriptum et clausulas prohibitorias, praesertim quas nominant ad mentem et vetito, commentat. Studium facit practicum de remotione clausulae prohibitoriae quantum ad celebrationem novarum nuptiarum et concludit valorando vim iuridicam Instructionis excelsae cum aprobatione et ratificatione Summi Pontificis. ------------------------------------------------ Abstract It is simply a detailed commentary, norm by norm, right from the first heading to the final papal approval which comes at the end of the Instruction Dispensationis matriinoniali. The usefullness and the necessary nature of previous documents dealing with the norms of the process of dispensation of marriages ratified but not consummated are considered and reflected upon. The new powers granted to the Bishops are explained in retail as is also the great importance given to the fact that the Instructor should never fail to take into account the thema probandum in the procedure, that is, the non consummation and the case for the granting of the dispensation. The pracHcal procedural matters referring to the presentation of the request for dispensation are particularly studied as well as the pre-procedural processes necessarily involved, the possible option between a juridical and an administrative procedure on the matrimonium the specific procedure involved in passing fram the judgement of the nullity of matrimony to the procedure on the judgement of dispensation from the matrimonium ratum. The following elements have been evalued: the amendments and innovations introduced in the directives of the trial, the Bishop's powers regarding the sub-delegation to a competent extradiocesan tribunal. the proofs of witnesses, the moral and physical arguments. Regarding the writing of the minutes and the use of tape-recorders there is an exposition of the formalities involved in taping minutes and also on the modern phenomenon of proofs recorded on tape. The new role of counsellor has braught with it many questions and answers of a practical nature which can occur in this part of the trial whose juridical form, powers and functions should be delimited. There is an explanation given regarding the observations made by the Defender of the Bond and on the votes both of the tribunal and of the Bishop. There is an outline of the norms on the use of vernacular, on the writing and order of presentation in the documents of ruling, and on their expedition to the Sacred Congregation for the Sacraments. Finally, there is a commentary regarding the rescripts and the prohibitory clauses especially those called 'ad mentem' and 'vetito'. A practical study is made of the removal of the prohibitory clause juridical scope of the Instruction carrying the approval and ratification of the Supreme Pontiff

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030