Transfusion Related transmission of infections among blood donors of South Punjab

Objective: To investigate the frequency of blood transmissible infections in the region of South Punjab. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional Place and duration: Study was carried out from February 2019 to February 2021 over a period of 2 years at—removed for blind review--. Methodology: All voluntary and replacement donors who arrived at the hospital between the included time period were considered for the analysis. Total two blood samples were taken from each blood donor. For blood grouping and malarial parasite screening, Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) sample was collected. Clotted sample was used for screening of Anti-HCV, HBsAg, HIV and syphilis and analyzed by ELISA. Results: Our study showed cumulative frequency of 0.8 %, 0.5% and 1% for hepatitis B, syphilis and C virus respectively, and only one case of HIV and malarial parasite observed during screening for blood transfusion among blood donors. Conclusion: Increasing transmission prevalence of hepatitis as well as syphilis in our region. Keywords: blood transfusion, infection, HBsAG, HCV

Length of orbital margins of dry skulls in a local Pakistani population

Orbit is an important bony cavity which lodges eyeball and associated  structures for our fundamental sense of vision. Knowledge regarding  accurate morphometric measurements of its margins and depth will help in diagnosis and treatment plans of various optic functions. Previous studies showed racial differences in different populations we want to collect data in local population of Asian region as we are lacking data in this region. This study was carried out on 64 bony orbits of 32 dry Asian human skulls. Measurements from right and left bony orbits were taken by digital vernier calipers in millimeters and entered in SPSS 18.0 for calculation of mean and standard deviation.Results were obtained from different orbital margins. Right superior, inferior, medial and lateral orbital margins showed results as 31.30 ± 2.329 mm, 33.59 ± 3.35 mm, 29.57 ± 2.28 mm and 28.37 ± 2.023 mm respectively. While left superior, inferior, medial and lateral orbital margins were 30.944 ± 2.1080 mm, 31.19 ± 2.54 mm, 29.567 ± 2.36 mm and 28.14 ± 2.286 mm respectively. Right sided depth from optic canal to frontomaxillary suture was 41.40 ± 2.88 and left sided depth was 39.93 ± 3.33 mm. Data collected in Asian population showed differences from other races. This study covers important area regarding helpful in surgeries of this region as precise measurements could avoid injuries and postoperative complications.Key Words: Orbital Margin, Pakista

Morphometric study of vertebral artery groove in dry human cervical vertebra in Pakistani population

Introduction: Vertebral artery passes through vertebral artery groove present on the posterior arch of atlas; free movement of which is required during rotation of the neck. This artery can be compressed if the vertebral groove is converted into arcuate foramina due to the projection of bony ponticuli over the grove. This compression can cause vertebra-basilar insufficiency, headache, or neck-shoulder pain of unknown origin. Objective: This study aims to provide data regarding vertebral artery groove and its morphology to help surgeons and clinicians in the local Pakistani population as no data is available in this population. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty adult dry human atlas vertebrae were taken from the Anatomy museum of King Edward medical university. Quantitative and qualitative data were taken for analysis. Quantitative data include the distance of medial and lateral edges of vertebral artery groove from the midline of the posterior arch, the distance of the medial edge of foramen transversarium from the midline, the thickness of vertebral artery groove and its dimensions at medial and lateral entrance points. Qualitative data includes the type of bridging over the vertebral artery groove. Data were analyzed and the mean was taken.Results: Mean distance of the medial edge of vertebral artery groove from midline was found to be 13.32 ± 3.25 and 13.72 ± 2.82 mm on right and left sides respectively while the mean distance of the lateral edge of vertebral artery groove from midline was 22.31 ± 3.47 on the right side and 22.29 ± 2.98 on the left side. The mean of total thickness found was 3.84 ± 0.66 mm on right and 3.57 ± 1.14 mm on left. Morphology showed that 3.33% of the Pakistani population has complete arcuate foramina, 40% partial bridging, and 56.67% absent bridging. Conclusion: Findings of this study can be helpful for neurosurgeons during procedures requiring exposure of the posterior arch of the atlas so that damage to a vertebral artery can be prevented

Diagnostic Efficacy of Pleural Fluid Adenosine Deaminase Level in diagnosing TB Pleural Effusion is Excellent in a High Prevalence Area.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Pleural Fluid ADA level in diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusions.Place and Duration: The study was conducted at the Gulab Devi Chest Hospital Lahore from 03-01-2017 to 30-09-2017.Methodology: 456 cases having age > 14 years and radiological evidence of pleural effusion were included. Patients having Age > 65 years, minimal inaspirable pleural effusion, negative consent for ADA estimation and with obvious radiological signs of malignancy were excluded. Detailed history, physical examination, radiological, haematological and biochemical findings were recorded. Pleural fluid analysis including ADA levels were recorded. Statistics was applied to reach the conclusion.Results: 422/456(92.54%)cases were exudates while 34/456(7.45%) were transudate. 352 cases were diagnosed as TB pleuritis. 330(93.75%)cases showed PFADA levels 40 IU/L and above, while 22 cases showed ADA level < 40IU/L. Mean ADA level for TB peural effusion is 74.43IU/L. Using a cut off value 40 IU/L, we got a sensitivity of 93.75%, specificity 91.42 % and Positive predictive value 98.21% for tuberculosis.Conclusion: Pleural fluid ADA level is a valuable bio-marker for TB diagnosis in an area of high prevalence. It successfully differentiates between tuberculous and non-tuberculous pleural effusion

A Checklist of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Pakistan

The present paper provides an updated checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Pakistan. These include seven of the 21 known extant subfamilies with 101 valid ant species in 33 genera. Five species are reported for the first time from Pakistan: Cardiocondyla wroughtonii Forel, 1890; Crematogaster biroi Mayr, 1897; Ooceraea biroi (Forel, 1907); Pseudoneoponera rufipes Jerdon, 1851 and Strumigenys godeffroyi Mayr, 1866. Images to scientifically validate new faunal records from Pakistan and facilitate prompt identification are provided. Among the newly recorded species, three species viz., C. wroughtonii; O. biroi and S. godeffroyi are considered as tramp species having the cosmopolitan distribution. Notes about type localities, depositories and distribution in Pakistan are provided to each species record. The list provides a synthesis of the regional taxonomical work carried out until now and will serve as a baseline survey for future studies

Five Indigenous Plants of Pakistan with Antinociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, Antidepressant, and Anticoagulant Properties in Sprague Dawley Rats

Five medicinal plants of Pakistan were investigated for their antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and anticoagulant potential. Antinociceptive activity was estimated by hot plate and writhing assay. In hot plate assay, Quercus dilatata (52.2%) and Hedera nepalensis (59.1%) showed moderate while Withania coagulans (65.3%) displayed a significant reduction in pain. On the other hand, in writhing assay, Quercus dilatata (49.6%), Hedera nepalensis (52.7%), and Withania coagulans (62.0%) showed comparative less activity. In anti-inflammatory assays crude extracts showed significant edema inhibition in a dose dependent manner. In carrageenan assay, the highest activity was observed for Withania coagulans (70.0%) followed by Quercus dilatata (66.7%) and Hedera nepalensis (63.3%). Similar behavior was observed in histamine assay with percentage inhibitions of 74.3%, 60.4%, and 63.5%, respectively. Antidepressant activity was estimated by forced swim test and the most potent activity was revealed by Withania coagulans with immobility time 2.2s (95.9%) followed by Hedera nepalensis with immobility time 25.3s (53.4%). Moreover, the crude extracts of Fagonia cretica (74.6%), Hedera nepalensis (73.8%), and Phytolacca latbenia (67.3%) showed good anticoagulant activity with coagulation times 86.9s, 84.3s, and 67.5s, respectively. Collectively, the results demonstrate that these five plants have rich medicinal constituents which can be further explored

حسن اور اظہار حُسن کی صورتیں

Beauty and its related issues are studied in Aesthetics. Since ancient times to modern day, there have come several ideas on aesthetics. Beauty is a complicated term and its pet definition is almost impossible. Usually everything is considered beautiful which enhance and generate gay feelings on a human being. Every era has its own impact and trends of beauty according to which the beauty is measured. Expression of beauty is mostly referred through two primary types: Beauty of nature and Beauty of art. However feministic beauty is also a universal expression of beauty so womanly beauty is the essential part of poetry, arts and other ways of expressing emotions. This article presents a brief overview of various expressions of beauty.</p

Diagnostic Efficacy of Pleural Fluid Adenosine Deaminase Level in diagnosing TB Pleural Effusion is Excellent in a High Prevalence Area.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Pleural Fluid ADA level in diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusions.Place and Duration: The study was conducted at the Gulab Devi Chest Hospital Lahore from 03-01-2017 to 30-09-2017.Methodology: 456 cases having age &gt; 14 years and radiological evidence of pleural effusion were included. Patients having Age &gt; 65 years, minimal inaspirable pleural effusion, negative consent for ADA estimation and with obvious radiological signs of malignancy were excluded. Detailed history, physical examination, radiological, haematological and biochemical findings were recorded. Pleural fluid analysis including ADA levels were recorded. Statistics was applied to reach the conclusion.Results: 422/456(92.54%)cases were exudates while 34/456(7.45%) were transudate. 352 cases were diagnosed as TB pleuritis. 330(93.75%)cases showed PFADA levels 40 IU/L and above, while 22 cases showed ADA level &lt; 40IU/L. Mean ADA level for TB peural effusion is 74.43IU/L. Using a cut off value 40 IU/L, we got a sensitivity of 93.75%, specificity 91.42 % and Positive predictive value 98.21% for tuberculosis.Conclusion: Pleural fluid ADA level is a valuable bio-marker for TB diagnosis in an area of high prevalence. It successfully differentiates between tuberculous and non-tuberculous pleural effusion