Power Loss Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Integrated Model Predictive Control Based On-Grid Inverter

This paper presents a finite control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) based technique to reduce the switching loss and frequency of the on-grid PV inverter by incorporating a switching frequency term in the cost function of the model predictive control (MPC). In the proposed MPC, the control objectives (current and switching frequency) select an optimal switching state for the inverter by minimizing a predefined cost function. The two control objectives are combined with a weighting factor. A trade-off between the switching frequency (average) and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the current was utilized to determine the value of the weighting factor. The switching, conduction, and harmonic losses were determined at the selected value of the weighting factor for both the proposed and conventional FCS-MPC and compared. The system was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink, and a small-scale hardware prototype was built to realize the system and verify the proposal. Considering only 0.25% more current THD, the switching frequency and loss per phase were reduced by 20.62% and 19.78%, respectively. The instantaneous overall power loss was also reduced by 2% due to the addition of a switching frequency term in the cost function which ensures a satisfactory empirical result for an on-grid PV inverter

Feasibility assessment of hybrid solar photovoltaic-biogas generator based charging station : a case of easy bike and auto rickshaw scenario in a developing nation

The popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing day by day in the modern world. The charging of EVs from grid-connected charging stations causes a considerable power crisis in the grid. Integrating renewable energy resources (RESs) with conventional energy sources in the power grid is now considered feasible to reduce peak power demand and the inevitable emission effect. Hence, this paper presents an energy solution for EV charging with two RESs, namely, solar photovoltaic (PV) and biogas. HOMER software is utilized to analyze the potency and functionality of solar PV and biogas-based EV charging stations. The proposed system consists of a solar PV system, two biogas engine generators, and a bidirectional converter with battery storage. The variation of different costs, such as net present cost (NPC), initial cost, and cost of energy (COE) for different solar PV systems (3 kW, 4.5 kW, 6 kW, and 9 kW), are analyzed in HOMER software. The 4.5 kW solar PV system is finally selected as the NPC, initial cost, and COE are $93,530,$19,735, and $0.181, respectively, which is efficient. The system’s lifetime is 25 years, where an initial 12 years is required to overcome the system cost, and the remaining 13 years will provide financial benefits. The study also illustrates the effect of solar irradiance, biomass, and the change in the load of the energy management system. The techno−economic analysis shows that the proposed scheme can be an effective energy solution. The emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as CO2, CO, SO2, and NOX, is reduced considerably compared to other existing techniques. The study is expected to be beneficial in renewables-based EV charging systems with techno−economic and environmental feasibility

Design and construction of product separating conveyor based on color

This research paper is a work on control engineering or production technology. This paper aims at the problem we are attempting to solve to create an automation system of product passing &amp; separating through color difference. The products will be placed on moving conveyor belt through different colored packaging system. A color detecting device will be situated in a position of conveyor belt that will detect two different color of the packaged product and a divider will separate different colored package product to different destination. This product passing and separating to the intended destination is done by a color difference in an automatic way. In many packaging industries color object sorting and separating is a major task that needs to be done at final dispatch system. Manual sorting is a traditional approach that is preferred by industries. This approach is performed by human operators which is tedious, time-consuming, slow and non-consistent. Therefore, the efforts are made to design and implement an automatic technique of product passing &amp; separating through color difference.</p

Automatic Product 3D Parameters and Volume Detection and Slide Force Separation with Feedback Control System

This research paper aims at developing industrial automation features for less time consuming and precise product management. An automatic conveyor system is modeled for product passing and handling. Products of unknown dimension are scanned with ultrasonic sensors and three-dimensional parameters (length, width, height) with its volume are measured and displayed in liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. On the basis of the products volume threshold, product sorting is maintained. In the research work, a volume of 190 cm3 is considered for the minimum volume threshold. Products of greater volume (190 cm3) are separated in a different direction than the threshold volume products. The utilization of ultrasonic sensor drives out any possibility of products volume miscalculation due to incident light as no light-dependent sensor is used in this design. Moreover, precision in sensing is maintained with an automatic pause of conveyor rotation when the product reaches the sensor point for proper sensor positioning and sensor rotates to scan the overall product. For separation, the slide force mechanism is maintained to ensure the safety of soft, semi-liquid products. Also, the feedback control system is featured in the system to confirm the rehearsed condition of the device to separate the next product. The performance of the system is illustrated using 10 distinct products and the result is found satisfactory for real-time operation.</p

Control Strategies of Different Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles Applications

Choice of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in transportation systems is becoming more prominent for optimized energy consumption. HEVs are attaining tremendous appreciation due to their eco-friendly performance and assistance in smart grid notion. The variation of energy storage systems in HEV (such as batteries, supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, fuel cells, and so on) with numerous control strategies create variation in HEV types. Therefore, choosing an appropriate control strategy for HEV applications becomes complicated. This paper reflects a comprehensive review of the imperative information of energy storage systems related to HEVs and procurable optimization topologies based on various control strategies and vehicle technologies. The research work classifies different control strategies considering four configurations: fuel cell-battery, battery-ultracapacitor, fuel cell-ultracapacitor, and battery-fuel cell- ultracapacitor. Relative analysis among different control techniques is carried out based on the control aspects and operating conditions to illustrate these techniques’ pros and cons. A parametric comparison and a cross-comparison are provided for different hybrid configurations to present a comparative study based on dynamic performance, battery lifetime, energy efficiency, fuel consumption, emission, robustness, and so on. The study also analyzes the experimental platform, the amelioration of driving cycles, mathematical models of each control technique to demonstrate the reliability in practical applications. The presented recapitulation is believed to be a reliable base for the researchers, policymakers, and influencers who continuously develop HEVs with energy-efficient control strategies.Science Foundation Irelan

Virtual Inertia Support in Power Systems for High Penetration of Renewables - Overview of Categorization, Comparison, and Evaluation of Control Techniques

By replacing conventional generation units with renewable energy sources (RESs), the power system gains an alternate source of future power generation and a better environmental platform. RESs, on the other hand, are unable to provide the required power demand due to poor inertia responses and low-frequency stability. As a result, multiple inertia augmentation control strategies were developed to increase frequency stability and maximize power usage in the grid-integrated renewable energy systems. Accordingly, this study thoroughly reviews existing virtual inertia control (VIC) strategies for improving inertia response and frequency stability. This study investigates 51 VIC approaches regarding required parameters, configurations, key contributions, sources, controllers, and simulation platforms. Furthermore, to emphasize the most promising ones, the VIC approaches are classified as intelligent, adaptive, derivative, coordinated control, and other VIC techniques. The classification approach is followed by the system configuration and the mode of operation of each control scheme. Integrating intelligent methods, such as fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, non-convex optimization, and heuristic optimization, signify intelligent control methods. In contrast, adaptive control schemes emphasize the adaptation of control operations. These studies include both the standalone and grid-connected RESs frequency and power control approaches with necessary mathematical modelling and equations, which are rarely available in the recent existing works. The current state of research on improving frequency stability and inertia response in the grid-integrated RESs is discussed. Finally, this literature review reflects the present status of VIC technique research paths, and the categorization and analysis of these approaches demonstrate an extensive insight into the research field.Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library

Design of Automated Bascule Bridge and Collision Avoidance with Water Traffic

The development of movable bridges is a modern technological advancement that requires the integration of multi-disciplinary concepts such as control, automation, and design. In order to demonstrate how a collision avoidance system works, this research offers the design of an automated double-leaf bascule bridge with a pulley-rope moving mechanism and Pratt truss. The bridge is created where a settled railway or roadway intersection of a navigable stream cannot attain a steep profile. The design took into account the length, height, and width of the bridge as well as automatic ship identification and scaffold leaf movement activity for ship crossing. For the safe passage of cars on the bridge and for stopping vehicles during bridge movement, the system includes a collision avoidance control system and an automated road barrier system. After sensor adjustment, the model bridge’s performance under test produced results that were adequate, with a success rate of 100%