4 research outputs found
Carbohydrate-Coated Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles as Probes for the Galactose/3-Sulfogalactose Carbohydrate–Carbohydrate Interaction Using Model Systems and Cellular Binding Studies
The carbohydrates galactose and 3-sulfogalactose, found
on sphingolipids
in myelin, interact with each other via a carbohydrate–carbohydrate
interaction (CCI). In oligodendrocytes, this interaction triggers
a signaling cascade resulting in cytoskeletal rearrangements and reorganization
of glycolipids and proteins at the cellular surface. These rearrangements
can also be triggered by synthetic multivalent glycoconjugates. In
this report, we describe the synthesis of glycan-coated silica nanoparticles
and their subsequent binding to cultured oligodendrocytes and purified
myelin. Fluorescent silica nanoparticles with an azidosiloxane-derived
outer shell were functionalized with carbohydrates using the copper-promoted
azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The carbohydrate–carbohydrate
interaction between galactose and 3-sulfogalactose was examined by
measuring the binding of 3-sulfogalactose-containing nanoparticles
to galactolipids that had been immobilized in a multiwell plate. Particle
aggregation mediated by CCI was observed by TEM. The interaction of
the particles with oligodendrocytes and purified myelin was examined
using fluorescence microscopy, providing direct evidence for binding
of galactose and 3-sulfogalactose-coated nanoparticles to oligodendrocytes
and myelin fragments
Points to consider : efficacy and safety evaluations in the clinical development of ultra-orphan drugs
Background: The unmet medical needs of individuals with very rare diseases are high. The clinical trial designs and evaluation methods used for 'regular' drugs are not applicable in the clinical development of ultra-orphan drugs (<1000 patients) in many cases. In order to improve the clinical development of ultra-orphan drugs, we examined several points regarding the efficient evaluations of drug efficacy and safety that could be conducted even with very small sample sizes, based on the review reports of orphan drugs approved in Japan. Results: The clinical data packages of 43 ultra-orphan drugs approved in Japan from January 2001 to December 2014 were investigated. Japanese clinical trial data were not included in the clinical data package for eight ultra-orphan drugs, and non-Japanese clinical trial data were included for six of these eight drug. Japanese supportive data that included retrospective studies, published literature, clinical research and Japanese survey results were clinical data package attachments in 22 of the 43 ultra-orphan drugs. Multinational trials were conducted for three ultra-orphan drugs. More than two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted for only 11 of the 43 ultra-orphan drugs. The smaller the number of patients, the greater the proportion of forced titration and optional titration trials were conducted. Extension trials were carried out for enzyme preparations and monoclonal antibodies with high ratio. Post-marketing surveillance of all patients was required in 36 of the 43 ultra-orphan drugs. For ultra-orphan drugs, clinical endpoints were used as the primary efficacy endpoint of the pivotal trial only for two drugs. The control groups in RCTs were classified as follows: placebo groups different dosage groups, and active controls groups. Sample sizes have been determined on the basis of feasibility for some ultra-orphan drugs. We provide "Draft Guidance on the Clinical Development of Ultra-Orphan Drugs" based on this research. Conclusions: The development of ultra-orphan drugs requires various arrangements regarding evidence collection, data sources and the clinical trial design. We expect that this draft guidance is useful for ultra-orphan drugs developments in future
Patient characteristics, episodes of UTI, treatment and outcome.
<p>M-Male, F-Female, ESRD-End stage renal disease, DM-Diabetes mellitus, HTN-Hypertension, CMV-Cytomegalovirus, UTI-Urinary tract infection, ESBL-Extended spectrum beta lactamase.</p
Diamide Inhibitors of the Bacillus subtilis <i>N</i>‑Acetylglucosaminidase LytG That Exhibit Antibacterial Activity
<i>N</i>-Acetylglucosaminidases (GlcNAcases) play an important
role in the remodeling and recycling of bacterial peptidoglycan by
degrading the polysaccharide backbone. Genetic deletions of autolysins
can impair cell division and growth, suggesting an opportunity for
using small molecule autolysin inhibitors both as tools for studying
the chemical biology of autolysins and also as antibacterial agents.
We report here the synthesis and evaluation of a panel of diamides
that inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis. Two compounds, <b>fgkc</b> (<b>21</b>) and <b>fgka</b> (<b>5</b>), were found to be potent inhibitors (MIC 3.8 ±
1.0 and 21.3 ± 0.1 μM, respectively). These compounds inhibit
the B. subtilis family 73 glycosyl
hydrolase LytG, an <i>exo</i> GlcNAcase. Phenotypic analysis
of <b>fgkc</b> (<b>21</b>)-treated cells demonstrates
a propensity for cells to form linked chains, suggesting impaired
cell growth and division