Development of polymorphic microsatellite loci for Iranian river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Microsatellite loci were developed using PCR-based isolation of microsatellite arrays (PIMA) for Iranian river buffalo. Blood samples of eighty unrelated individuals from four buffalo populations (Khuzestan,Mazandaran, Guilan and Azarbayejan) were taken and following DNA extraction, isolation of microsatellite loci initiated using enrichment with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. RAPD-PCR fragments were ligated into PTZ57R TA cloning vector and transformed into DH5competent cells. Obtained colonies were screened for presence of repetitive elements by repeatspecific and M13 forward and reverse primers. After designing primer pairs for repeat containing fragments, they were tested in all buffalo populations. Two microsatellite loci (RBBSI and RBBSII) were informative and polymorphic. Number of alleles for RBBSI and RBBSII in 80 individuals was 5 and 6, respectively. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.65 to 0.81. Significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectation occurred for both loci in all populations, but 37.5% of locus/population combination showed the deviation. We postulate that the two newly isolated microsatellite loci during this study could be useful for population genetic studies in Bubalus bubalis

Faecal carriage of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant and ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus species in healthy Iranian children

Objectives: High-level aminoglycoside, ampicillin and vancomycin resistance and virulence genes among enterococcal isolates collected from healthy middle-school children in Ardabil, Iran, during 2016 were investigated. Methods: Totally, 305 faecal specimens were collected. Isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence gene detection and molecular typing. Results: Totally, 409 enterococcal isolates were collected, comprising Enterococcus faecium (235; 57.5), Enterococcus faecalis (56; 13.7) and other Enterococcus spp. (118; 28.9). Overall, 71 (17.4), 11 (2.7) and 10 (2.4) isolates were identified as high-level streptomycin-resistant (HLSR), high-level gentamicin-resistant (HLGR) and ampicillin-resistant (AR), respectively. Among HLSR isolates, 40 (56.3), 5 (7.0) and 26 (36.6) were E. faecium, E. faecalis and other Enterococcus spp., respectively. Among HLGR isolates 4 (36.4) and 7 (63.6) and among AR isolates 7 (70.0) and 3 (30.0) were E. faecium and other Enterococcus spp., respectively. Accordingly, 21.6, 3.6 and 3.3 of subjects were colonised with HLSR, HLGR and AR Enterococcus spp. Carriage of HLGR, HLSR and AR isolates was associated with prior antibiotic consumption (P � 0.05). Additionally, male sex and antacid consumption were associated with AR enterococcal carriage. Moreover, 69 (97.2), 10 (90.9) and 9 (90.0) of HLSR, HLGR and AR isolates were multidrug-resistant, respectively. No vancomycin-resistant enterococci were detected. ERIC-PCR revealed high genetic diversity among isolates. gelE and asa1 were major virulence genes both in E. faecalis and E. faecium. Presence of gelE was associated with HLSR and HLGR phenotypes (P � 0.05). Conclusion: Community intestinal carriage of HLSR enterococci was high; however, carriage of HLGR and AR enterococci was low. © 2019 International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherap

The Incidence of Co-occurrence of Chlamydial Cervicitis with Bacterial Vaginosis

Background and Objectives: Bacterial vaginosis is caused by an imbalance in normal vaginal bacterial flora mainly caused by the introduction of pathogenic bacteria. Failure to properly treat this condition can not only induce abortion but also increase the chance of acquiring other serious infections such as AIDS, gonorrhea and chlamydiosis. Chlamydia trchomatis is one of the causative agents of cervicitis of which 70% is totally asymptomatic. Untreated cases can lead to salpengititis, pelvic inflammatory diseases, infertility, pelvic area pains and other complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the co-occurrence of these two conditions.Methods: A total of 137 patients were examined for both Chlamydial cervicitis and for bacterial vaginosis. Gram stain was used to detect bacterial vaginosis and anti-chlamydial antibodies were titered by microimmunofluoresence (MIF) assay. Results: According to the MIF results, 10 patients(7.3%) had elevated anti-chlamydial IgG and 3 patients (2.2%) showed high IgM titers. Gardnerella vaginalis was detected in 6 patients(4.7%) as the causative agent of vaginosis. There were 3 cases of co-occurrence of chlamydial cervicitis and bacterial vaginosis (30%). Conclusion: Due to the fact that bacterial vaginosis can provide the pre-disposing conditions for cervicitis and its chronicity and the similarity of the cilinical singns of these two conditions, Infections with Chlamydia are often overlooked. It therefore seems necessary to check any patient with bacterial vaginosis for chlamydial co-infection