A research on the use of metaphor design in promoting brand identity

Every new brand which competes and increases its market share needs some tools and methods to be applied to its products. The objective of this research is to investigate the use of metaphor as a tool for peak shift effect and its impact on memory, which can be effective in promoting brand identity from a customer perspective. In this respect, this research uses a combination of memory test and comparison of two objects method. Therefore, the research method was according to environment specifications. The results indicated that the products having metaphor in comparison to products with no metaphor has an effective role in peak shift and image persistence and its name in user’s mind. In conclusion, the brand identity can be promoted in a variety of ways, among which the design of metaphor, which is related to product design and graphic design, is one of these ways

Redox-promoted tailoring of the high-temperature electrical performance in Ca3Co4O9 thermoelectric materials by metallic cobalt addition

This paper reports a novel composite-based processing route for improving the electrical performance of Ca3Co4O9 thermoelectric (TE) ceramics. The approach involves the addition of metallic Co, acting as a pore filler on oxidation, and considers two simple sintering schemes. The (1-x)Ca3Co4O9/xCo composites (x = 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% vol.) have been prepared through a modified Pechini method, followed by one- and two-stage sintering, to produce low-density (one-stage, 1ST) and high-density (two-stage, 2ST) ceramic samples. Their high-temperature TE properties, namely the electrical conductivity (σ), Seebeck coefficient (α) and power factor (PF), were investigated between 475 and 975 K, in air flow, and related to their respective phase composition, morphology and microstructure. For the 1ST case, the porous samples (56%-61% of ρth) reached maximum PF values of around 210 and 140 μWm-1·K-2 for the 3% and 6% vol. Co-added samples, respectively, being around two and 1.3 times higher than those of the pure Ca3Co4O9 matrix. Although 2ST sintering resulted in rather dense samples (80% of ρth), the efficiency of the proposed approach, in this case, was limited by the complex phase composition of the corresponding ceramics, impeding the electronic transport and resulting in an electrical performance below that measured for the Ca3Co4O9 matrix (224 μWm-1·K-2 at 975K).publishe

Exploring the high-temperature electrical performance of Ca3-xLaxCo4O9 thermoelectric ceramics for moderate and low substitution levels

Aliovalent substitutions in Ca3Co4O9 often result in complex effects on the electrical prop-erties and the solubility, and impact of the substituting cation also depends largely on the prepara-tion and processing method. It is also well-known that the monoclinic symmetry of this material’s composite crystal structure allows for a significant hole transfer from the rock salt-type Ca2CoO3 buffer layers to the hexagonal CoO2 ones, increasing the concentration of holes and breaking the electron–hole symmetry from the latter layers. This work explored the relevant effects of relatively low La-for-Ca substitutions, for samples prepared and processed through a conventional ceramic route, chosen for its simplicity. The obtained results show that the actual substitution level does not exceed 0.03 (x < 0.03) in Ca3-xLaxCo4O9 samples with x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 and that further introduction of lanthanum results in simultaneous Ca3Co4O9 phase decomposition and secondary Ca3Co2O6 and (La,Ca)CoO3 phase formation. The microstructural effects promoted by this phase evolution have a moderate influence on the electronic transport. The electrical measurements and determined average oxidation state of cobalt at room temperature suggest that the present La sub-stitutions might only have a minor effect on the concentration of charge carriers and/or their mobil-ity. The electrical resistivity values of the Ca3-xLaxCo4O9 samples with x = 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 were found to be ~1.3 times (or 24%) lower (considering mean values) than those measured for the pris-tine Ca3Co4O9 samples, while the changes in Seebeck coefficient values were only moderate. The highest power factor value calculated for Ca2.99La0.01Co4O9 (~0.28 mW/K2m at 800 °C) is among the best found in the literature for similar materials. The obtained results suggest that low rare-earth substitutions in the rock salt-type layers can be a promising pathway in designing and improving these p-type thermoelectric oxides, provided by the strong interplay between the mobility of charge carriers and their concentration, capable of breaking the electron–hole symmetry from the conduc-tive layers.publishe

Effect of B-site doping on the thermoelectric performances of Ca0.97Y0.01 La0.01 Yb0.01Mn1-2xNbxMoxO3 thermoelectric ceramics

A-, and B-site multiple-doped Ca0.97Y0.01La0.01Yb0.01Mn1–2xNbxMoxO3 was studied for improving its thermoelectric thermoelectric performance. Samples were prepared from planetary milled precursors and sintered at 1310ºC for 12 h. XRD showed that sintered samples are nearly single phase, with small amounts of CaMn2O4. SEM analysis revealed that grain size decreases with Nb and Mo content, leading to lowered electrical resistivity, reaching 6.1 mΩ cm at 800ºC in x = 0.03 samples, 60% lower than that of pristine samples. The highest Seebeck coefficient for doped samples has been obtained for x = 0.005, 210μV/K at 800ºC. A high power factor (0.46 mW/K2 m at 800ºC) has been reached for x = 0.01 samples. However, thermal conductivity did not significantly vary with composition, leading to ZT∼0.27 at 800ºC for x = 0.005 samples, among the best reported in the literature. These results suggest that multi-doping approach opens new paths for integrating calcium manganite-based materials in thermoelectric modules for power generation at high temperatures.The authors wish to thank the Gobierno de Aragón (Grupo de Investigacion T54_23R) and Universidad de Zaragoza (UZ2022-IAR-09) for financial support. Sh. Rasekh acknowledges the support of the Research Employment Contract FCT-CEECIND/02608/2017. This work was also developed within the scope of the Ph.D project of P. Amirkhizi (grant 2020.08051. BD funded by FCT) and the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020 & LA/P/0006/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC).Peer reviewe

Redox-promoted tailoring of the high-temperature electrical performance in Ca3Co4O9 thermoelectric materials by metallic cobalt addition

This paper reports a novel composite-based processing route for improving the electrical performance of Ca3Co4O9 thermoelectric (TE) ceramics. The approach involves the addition of metallic Co, acting as a pore filler on oxidation, and considers two simple sintering schemes. The (1-x)Ca3Co4O9/xCo composites (x = 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% vol.) have been prepared through a modified Pechini method, followed by one- and two-stage sintering, to produce low-density (one-stage, 1ST) and high-density (two-stage, 2ST) ceramic samples. Their high-temperature TE properties, namely the electrical conductivity (σ), Seebeck coefficient (α) and power factor (PF), were investigated between 475 and 975 K, in air flow, and related to their respective phase composition, morphology and microstructure. For the 1ST case, the porous samples (56%–61% of ρth) reached maximum PF values of around 210 and 140 μWm−1·K−2 for the 3% and 6% vol. Co-added samples, respectively, being around two and 1.3 times higher than those of the pure Ca3Co4O9 matrix. Although 2ST sintering resulted in rather dense samples (80% of ρth), the efficiency of the proposed approach, in this case, was limited by the complex phase composition of the corresponding ceramics, impeding the electronic transport and resulting in an electrical performance below that measured for the Ca3Co4O9 matrix (224 μWm−1·K−2 at 975K).publishe