Physico-Chemical Properties of Palm-Based Diacylglycerol Oils in Blend with Palm-Based Oils

Physico-chemical properties of palm-based diacylglycerol (P-DAG) oils as new functional fats were studied individually and in blends with palm-based oils (P-oil) to obtain basic information for development of functional palm-based DAG-enriched plastic fat products. P-DAG oils were produced through enzymatic glycerolysis of palm kernel oil (PKO), palm oil (PO), palm olein (POL), palm mid fraction (PMF) and palm stearin (PS) with the high DAG purity range of 83-90% (w/w). Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method using charged aerosol detector (CAD) was developed for separation of 1,3- and 1,2(2,3)-positional isomers of P-DAG oils including PKO-based DAG (PKO-DAG) as the sources of short- and medium-chain DAGs, and PO-based DAG (PO-DAG), PMF-based DAG (PMF-DAG), POL-based DAG (POL-DAG) and PS-based DAG (PS-DAG) as sources of long-chain DAG but with different ratios. In this method, linear gradient of acetone and acetonitrile was used and total retention time (RT) of 28 min was attained. Identification of P-DAG molecular species was accomplished using synthetic DAG standards. Physico-chemical properties of P-DAG oils were also evaluated and compared with their corresponding P-oils. P-DAG oils as compared to P-oils were found to have significantly (P<0.05) different FACs, Iodine values (IV) and slip melting points (SMP) and less steep solid fat content (SFC) profiles with higher complete melting temperatures. Also, P-DAG oils in contrast with P-oils showed endothermic as well as exothermic peaks at higher temperature regions, higher crystallization onset (TO) and higher heat of fusion (ΔHf) and crystallization. Crystal forms for P-DAG oils were mostly β. Crystallization kinetics of PO in the presence of different concentrations (2, 5, 10, 30 and, 50% w/w) of PO-DAG were investigated using Avrami model. Comparison of induction time (Ti), Avrami exponent (n), Avrami constant (k) and half-time of crystallization (t1/2) of blends showed that addition of 5% of PO-DAG in most of the supercooling ranges significantly (P<0.05) reduced nucleation rate as well as crystal growth velocity of PO. On the other hand, high concentrations of PO-DAG were found to significantly (P<0.05) reduce Ti as well as t1/2 and also increase k suggesting their promoting effects on nucleation and crystallization rate of PO. PO and PO blends with 2 and 5% of PO-DAG showed crystal transformation at crystallization temperatures (TCr) of 26, 26, 26.5°C, respectively as reflected in corresponding changes of the Avrami parameters at below and above these TCr. Presence of 10% PO-DAG showed β'-stabilizing effect on PO. Phase behaviour of binary blends containing PO and PO-DAG with 10% interval was also studied. The minor eutectic effects were observed at around 20-50% PO-DAG in SFC iso-lines of 20-50%. Phase behavior predicted by iso-solid diagram as well as isothermal SFC did not account for hardness variations observed between PO and PO blends with 10-40% PO-DAG. However, as concentration of PO-DAG increased from 40 to 100%, iso-lines temperatures, isothermal SFC and also hardness were found to steadily increase. On the other hand, hardness variations observed among PO and PO blends with 10-40% PO-DAG could be attributed to the respective DSC data as well as polymorphism changes. PO-DAG at 10% concentration was found to have β'-stabilizing effect on PO polymorphism while a β-form increasing trend was observed as concentration of PO-DAG increased from 10% to 90%. Ternary phase behaviour of sunflower oil (SFO), palm kernel olein (PKOL) and POL-DAG, and POL, PKO and PO-DAG were analyzed using isosolid diagrams of SFC and ΔSFC, and melting and solidification properties in two different ternary systems. The eutectic behaviour was observed along the binary line of PKOL/POL-DAG at temperature ranges of 5-20°C in the former system. However, no eutectic interaction was observed along the binary lines of SFO/PKOL as well as SFO/POL-DAG despite showing deviation from SFC (ΔSFC) within temperature range of 5-25°C. The most intensive eutectic interaction was observed along the binary line of PKO/PO-DAG followed by POL/PKO and POL/PO-DAG in the latter system. In general, it was found that ΔSFC does not always lead to eutectic behaviour and also the higher ΔSFC did not always lead to more intensive eutectic behaviour among the blends. Palm-based DAG-enriched soft tub margarine (PDAG-TM) containing SFO/PKOL/POL-DAG (35/15/50, (w/w)) was optimally formulated through analysis of multiple isosolid diagrams, and was found to have quite similar SFC profile as well as SMP but also lower saturated fatty acid (SAFA) as compared to the commercial soft tub margarine (CTM). Palm-based DAG-enriched shelf-stable margarine (PDAG-SSM) consisting of POL/PKO/PO-DAG (42.5/42.5/15, (w/w)) was also optimally formulated through analysis of multiple isosolid diagrams and was found to have quite similar SFC profile with commercial shelf-stable margarine (CSM)

Physical properties of palm based Diacylglycerol and palm-based oils in the preparation of shelf-stable margarine

Ternary mixtures containing palm olein (POL), palm kernel oil (PKO) and palm oil-based diacylglycerol (PO-DAG) were designed using mixture design. The corresponding physical properties such as solid fat content (SFC) as well as deviation from SFC (ΔSFC) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and melting and crystallization properties using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were studied. Ternary phase behaviour was analysed using isosolid diagrams. The most intensive eutectic interaction among the three binary blends studied was observed along the binary line of PKO/PO-DAG followed by POL/PKO and POL/PO-DAG. The higher ΔSFC did not always lead to the more intensive eutectic behaviour among the blends. Addition of pure POL, 33.33 and 66.66% POL, and no POL to 50/50 mixture of PKO/PO-DAG decreased heat of crystallization (ΔHc) as well as crystallization onset (TO). However, as the same amounts of PO-DAG and PKO were added to the 50/50 mixtures of POL/PKO and POL/PO-DAG, respectively, blend containing the equi-mixture of POL, PKO and PO-DAG (33.33/33.33/33.33) was found to have the lowest ΔHc. This was also reflected in the corresponding eutectic effect observed at 20–25 and 5–10°C, respectively. Palm-based DAG-enriched shelf-stable margarine consisting of POL/PKO/PO-DAG (42.5/42.5/15 w/w) was optimally formulated through analysis of multiple isosolid diagrams and was found to have quite similar SFC profile with commercial shelf-stable margarine

Crystallization kinetics of palm oil in blends with palm-based diacylglycerol

Crystallization kinetics of palm oil (PO) in the presence of different concentrations (2, 5, 10, 30 and, 50% w/w) of palm-based diacylglycerol (PB-DAG) were investigated over different ranges of crystallization temperatures. Addition of 30 and 50% (w/w) of PB-DAG (high concentrations) increased significantly (P 0.05) effect. PO and PO blends with 2 and 5% of PB-DAG showed crystal transformation at crystallization temperatures (TCr) of 26, 26, 26.5 °C, respectively as reflected in corresponding changes of the Avrami parameters at below and above these TCr. This was especially evident for the blends containing 2 and 5% of PB-DAG. Individual comparison of induction time (Ti), Avrami exponent (n), Avrami constant (k) and half-time of crystallization (t1/2) of blends classified under various supercooling ranges based on the supercooling closeness (± 0.1 °C), showed that addition of 5% of PB-DAG in most of the supercooling ranges significantly (P 0.05). Mode of crystal growth attributed to n was changed significantly only in presence of 5% of PB-DAG. Furthermore, presence of 10% PB-DAG showed β'-stabilizing effect on PO. On the other hand, high concentrations of PB-DAG were found to significantly (P < 0.05) reduce Ti as well as t1/2 and also increase k suggesting their promoting effects on nucleation and crystallization rate of PO even with the close supercoolings. In addition, they changed crystal growth mode of PO. Amongst the different concentrations of PB-DAG investigated, blend containing 50% of PB-DAG as compared to PO, not only, have healthier benefits but also, may have greater potential applications in plastic fat products due to its unique physical properties

Design of an Extended Interacting Multiple Models Adaptive Estimator for Attitude Determination of a Stereoimagery Satellite

We will design an extended interacting multiple models adaptive estimator (EIMMAE) for attitude determination of a stereoimagery satellite. This algorithm is based on interacting multiple models (IMM) extended kalman filters (EKF) using star sensor and gyroscope data. In this method, the motion of satellite during stereoimaging manoeuvres is partitioned into two different modes: “manoeuvring motion” mode and “uniform motion” mode. The proposed algorithm will select the suitable Kalman filter structure to estimate gyro errors accurately in order to maintain the peak attitude estimation error less enough at the beginning of manoeuvres while the satellite is in “manoeuvring motion” mode and then will select the suitable star sensor measurement noise level at the end of manoeuvres while the satellite is in “uniform motion” mode to reduce attitude estimation errors. It will be shown that using the proposed algorithm, the attitude estimation accuracy of stereoimagery satellite will be increased considerably. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm will be examined and compared with the previous proposed methods through numerical simulations

Health risk assessment of exposure to various vapors and fumes in a factory of automobile manufacturing

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the health risk of exposure to various vapors and fumes in a factory of automobile manufacturing. This study was performed in 2021 on 115 workers. Vapors and fumes were gathered by the adsorbent tubes of activated charcoal and mixed cellulose esters (MCE) membrane filter, respectively. The flow rate for vapors and fumes were between 0.05 and 0.20 L per min and 1 to 4 L per min, respectively. After preparing, samples were analyzed. To assess the non-cancer and cancer risk of the pollutants, the method proposed environmental protection agency (EPA) was applied. The total concentration of copper (1.031 ppm), manganese (0.114), and 2-butoxyethanol (91.767 ppm) were found to be higher than The threshold limit values (TLVs). The values of non-cancer risk (HQ) due to exposure to vapors of benzene (6.583), toluene (1.396), ethyl benzene (1.212), xylene (31.148), 2-butoxyethanol (89.302), 2-propanol (4.695), 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene (1.923), copper (2.336), manganese (715.82), aluminum (3.772), and chromium (107.066) were higher than the acceptable limit. Moreover, the estimated LCR for benzene (2.15 × 10−4), ethyl benzene (3.97 × 10−4), vinyl chloride (1.25 × 10−4), and chromium (2.11 × 10−2) were higher than the threshold risk level set by EPA. It is emphasized that preventive measures are performed

Nanoemulsion-Based Delivery Systems for Polyunsaturated (\u3c9-3) Oils: Formation Using a Spontaneous Emulsification Method

Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems are finding increasing utilization to encapsulate lipophilic bioactive components in food, personal care, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, a spontaneous emulsification method was used to fabricate nanoemulsions from polyunsaturated (omega-3) oils, that is, fish oil. This low-energy method relies on formation of fine oil droplets when an oil/surfactant mixture is added to an aqueous solution. The influence of surfactant-to-oil ratio (SOR), oil composition (lemon oil and MCT), and cosolvent composition (glycerol, ethanol, propylene glycol, and water) on the formation and stability of the systems was determined. Optically transparent nanoemulsions could be formed by controlling SOR, oil composition, and aqueous phase composition. The spontaneous emulsification method therefore has considerable potential for fabricating nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for incorporating polyunsatured oils into clear food, personal care, and pharmaceutical products

Non-criticality of interaction network over system's crises: A percolation analysis

Extraction of interaction networks from multi-variate time-series is one of the topics of broad interest in complex systems. Although this method has a wide range of applications, most of the previous analyses have focused on the pairwise relations. Here we establish the potential of such a method to elicit aggregated behavior of the system by making a connection with the concepts from percolation theory. We study the dynamical interaction networks of a financial market extracted from the correlation network of indices, and build a weighted network. In correspondence with the percolation model, we find that away from financial crises the interaction network behaves like a critical random network of Erdos-Renyi, while close to a financial crisis, our model deviates from the critical random network and behaves differently at different size scales. We perform further analysis to clarify that our observation is not a simple consequence of the growth in correlations over the crises

Development and validation of a biological risk assessment tool among hospital personnel under COVID-19 pandemic conditions.

The need for a biological disease risk assessment method to prevent the contagion of these diseases, particularly among healthcare personnel, is crucial. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a biological risk assessment tool for biological agents among hospital personnel under COVID-19 conditions. This cross-sectional study was performed on 301 employees in two hospitals. Firstly, we identified the items affecting the contagion of biological agents. Then, we computed the weight of the items using the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method. We used the identified items and the estimated weights in the next step to develop a predictive equation. The outcome of this tool was the risk score of biological disease contagion. After that, we used the developed method to evaluate the biological risk of the participants. The ROC curve was also used to reveal accuracy of developed method. In this study, 29 items were identified and categorized into five dimensions, including environmental items, ventilation items, job items, equipment-related items, and organizational items. The weights of these dimensions were estimated at 0.172, 0.196, 0.255, 0.233, and 0.144, respectively. The final weight of items was used to develop a predictive equation. The area under ROC curves (AUC) was also calculated as 0.762 (95% CI: 0.704, 0.820) (p<0.001). The tools developed using these items had acceptable diagnostic accuracy for predicting the risk of biological diseases in health care. Therefore, one can apply it in identifying persons exposed to dangerous conditions