The Impact of Health Education based on the Health Belief Model on Improving Osteoporosis preventive Behavior among Women

Background: In all populations, bone mass decreases with age, so the researchers in this study sought to study the application of the health belief model (HBM) for adopting preventive behaviors on osteoporosis among women. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental research conducted on 64 middle-aged women (32 in test and 32 in control group). Data collection tools were a questionnaire based on HBM model with demographic questions, the food frequency questionnaire and the standard questionnaire of physical activity. After confirming the content validity and reliability, questionnaires were completed before and 6 weeks after the intervention. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean ± SD) and analytical statistics (correlation coefficient, paired t- test and covariance) and through SPSS 16 at the significance level of 0.05. Results: Before the intervention, the mean score of HBM model constructs were not significantly different between the two groups. After the intervention, and by controlling for confounding variables the two groups showed significant differences in variables of knowledge, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, cues to action, perceived benefits and Calcium intake (p< 0.05), while they showed no significant difference in regard to constructs of perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers and physical activity. Conclusion: The use of health belief model was effective in adopting the prevention of osteoporosis and improving calcium intake in women, but it did not lead to the desired results in regard to improving physical activity behavior

The impact of cancer incidence on catastrophic health expenditure in Iran with a Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis

Background : We investigated the impact of cancer incidence on CHE in Iran by considering spatial variation across provinces as well as temporal trends. Methods : Data from Household Income-Expenditure Survey were merged with cancer incidence rates during 2011-2016. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to explore the spatial and temporal patterns of CHE and its associated factors at provincial level. We used a Besag-York-Mollie2 prior and a random walk prior for spatial and temporal random effects respectively. All statistical analysis was carried out in R software. Results : All-type cancer incidence (OR per SD (95% CrI) = 1.16 (1.02, 1.32)), unemployment rate (1.08 (1.01, 1.15)) and income equity (0.88 (0.81, 0.97)) have important association with CHE. Percentage of urbanization and percentage of poverty were not statistically significant. Conclusion : The results suggest the development of new policies to protect cancer patients against financial hardship, narrow the gap in income inequality and solve the problem of high unemployment rate to reduce the level of CHE at provincial level.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Osteoporosis Prevention in Teen Girls in Quchan

Background and Aim: The main principle in osteoporosis prevention is to understand the mindset, general lifestyle&nbsp;and daily routines of individuals. Since the years of childhood and adolescence are the golden time to increase bone mass, the aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice&nbsp; related to prevention of osteoporosis in adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 209 adolescent girls selected by a multi-stage sampling design from girlish high schools in Quchan City in 2017. The researcher-made questionnaire consisted of 38 questions and four sections containing demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and pracice of adolescents in the prevention of osteoporosis. After performing the validity and reliability&nbsp; the participants completed the questionnaires in a self-reported manner with informed consent. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 18 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Most of the adolescent girls reported moderate awareness (59.3%), attitude in a good level (75.1%), and moderate practice (66.5%). There was a significant relationship between attitude in prevention of osteoporosis and mother's job (p = 0.045). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, which showed that adolescent girls had a moderate level of knowledge and practice despite having good attitudes, the need for educational programs through mass media and conducting educational classes was necessary, as well as providing free sports facilities and Careful monitoring of girls' nutrition in schools is another important measure

Inducible Clindamycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

<p><strong><em>Introduction</em></strong>: <em>S</em><em>taphylococcus aureus </em>is a prominent human pathogen. One of the drugs used in the treatment of staphylococcal infections (particularly infections of skin and soft tissue), is clindamycin. Resistance to clindamycin includes two types: inducible and constitutive. Routine laboratory methods of antibiotic susceptibility testing cannot detect the inducible type and D- test is required for its detection. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the relative prevalence of this type of resistance in Iran.</p><p><strong><em>M</em></strong><strong><em>e</em></strong><strong><em>thods</em></strong>: Search terms "inducible clindamycin resistant", "D-test", "<em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>" and "Iran" were used to find relevant articles in PubMed, Google Scholar and two Persian search engines. Also, the abstracts of the recent national microbiology congresses were checked.All studies used D-test to find iMLSB  (inducible macrolide, lincosamide and streptograminB resistance) phenotype among clinical isolates (not nasal swabs) of <em>S. aureus</em>, were included. In order to perform meta-analysis, we used “comprehensive meta-analysis” software (ver. 2).</p><p><strong><em>Results</em></strong>: In total, 9 articles and 8 abstracts related to the topic of the study were found. Random effects meta-analyses showed a pooled estimate for percentage of iMLSB  phenotype among 2683 samples of <em>S. aureus </em>was about 10% (95% confidence interval: 0.07-0.12). Using the fixed effect model, the odds of positive iMLSB  in methicillin-resistant <em>S. aureus </em>was about 5 times more likely to occur in comparison with methicillin-susceptible <em>S. aureus </em>(95% CI: 3.49 to 7.76).</p><p><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong>: Fortunately, the relative frequency of inducible resistance to clindamycin in our country is relatively low. However, we believe that D-test should be performed for all erythromicin-resistant  isolates  in  order  to  identify  inducible  resistance  to  clindamycin.Moreover, reevaluation of inducible reistance to clindamycin in forthcoming years is highly recommended.</p