Organization of Multi-Agent Systems: An Overview

In complex, open, and heterogeneous environments, agents must be able to reorganize towards the most appropriate organizations to adapt unpredictable environment changes within Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). Types of reorganization can be seen from two different levels. The individual agents level (micro-level) in which an agent changes its behaviors and interactions with other agents to adapt its local environment. And the organizational level (macro-level) in which the whole system changes it structure by adding or removing agents. This chapter is dedicated to overview different aspects of what is called MAS Organization including its motivations, paradigms, models, and techniques adopted for statically or dynamically organizing agents in MAS.Comment: 12 page

Catalytic Oxidation of 4-t-butyltoluene

The oxidation of 4-t-butyltoluene in glacial acetic acid by hydrogen peroxid in a process catalysed by cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate and sodium bromide has been studied with the aim of increasing the selectivity towards 4-t-butylbenzaldehyde

Microprocessor based modular support for an operating system

A technique to support the operating system has been presented. The approach utilizes a modular microprocessor based support system to parallel process and/or assist some operating system funtional units. Adopting the proposed technique may result in reducing the amount of processing power devoted to the execution of the operating system code as well as in reducing overall system cost;Two application examples of the proposed technique have been invented. The first is a support module for Habermann\u27s deadlock avoidance algorithm. Without the support module, the algorithm would have an execution time O(m(\u272)), where m is the number of processes in the system. The design and operation of a support module that employs m + 1 microprocessors and is capable of performing the algorithm with an execution time O(m) has been described. Another module utilizes (m/k) + 1 microprocessors, and has an execution time O(km), k \u3e 1, has been discussed. This latter module is suitable when m is very large. A fast module that has an execution time O(km), k \u3c 1, and is appropriate for systems with small m has also been discussed;The second application example is a support module for the exact implementation of the Least Recently Used (LRU) replacement policy in a demand paging memory management system. It was believed that the exact implementation of the LRU was not feasible because it would represent a tremendous overhead. This is no longer true if the proposed technique is considered. A submodule that employs an MC68000 microprocessor was designed and built to execute the exact LRU function. To test the submodule, it was found necessary to build an address stream generator module to simulate the main system. Therefore, an address stream generation module was built around another MC68000 microprocessor. The LRU submodule was then extensively tested under different address arrival rates. The data obtained from the experiments prove the feasibility of implementing the exact LRU algorithm at a very low cost. It also largely endorses the proposed support technique

Antihypertensive and hematological effects of Tribulus terrestris Aqueous Extract

The effect of 100 and 50 mg/kg body weight Tribulus terrestris aqueous extract at on the cardiovascular system of rats was studied. Initial heart rate of 160, systolic100 & diastolic 40was considered as normal pressure.. One minute after extract administration the blood pressure and heart rate of rats were raised. The rats\u27 blood pressure continued in a remarkable increasing manner reaching a 180 systolic, 150 diastolic mm/Hg and the heart rate beat were 200, no mortality was observed. Perfusion pressure was raised with the aqueous extract administration then reduced to the normal level after 90 minutes. It was concluded that aqueous extracts of Tribulus terrestris possess significant hypotensive activity in hypertensive rats. The hypotensive effects of Tribulus terrestris appeared may be due to the direct arterial smooth muscle contraction and membrane hypo polarization. These results suggested the curative effect of T. terrestris aqueous extract on hypertensive animals

Evaluating the economic focus between the existing and the desired, a study in Mauritanian law.

The evaluation process for economic concentration projects or operations fluctuates between the risks posed to the competitive structure in the market, and the economic, technological and social benefits that will compensate for the disruption to the competitive game. It is a budget that requires precise and specific standards. This budget also requires an entity responsible for the evaluation, which has independence and impartiality, and is separate from the entity that takes the decision to focus, because of the governance of the entire evaluation process.The evaluation of economic concentration comes after ensuring that the required conditions in the processes of economic concentration and its peripheries are available. Then the evaluation process takes place leading to a decision regarding this concentration. As long as these conditions do not exist in their entirety, it is not possible to talk about the existence of economic concentration at all, because the evaluation is for this concentration whose conditions are me

Nationalism, Patriotism and Political Ideas of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: an Analysis

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (Founder of Aligarh Muslim University) was born into a noble Muslim family in 1817; he was a distinguished scholar while working as a lawyer at the British East India Company. After realizing the worthless condition of Muslims, his approach to western education for the benefit of the Muslim community became a priority. This study contemplates that Sir Syed was religiously oriented and very politically aware of nationalism and patriotism. The author uses primary data and also secondary data. The author also explores his main books and articles; the author aims to examine Sir Syed's nationalist and political ideas concerning political significance for Muslims in India. The writer would like to know the result that, what is the reason, Sir Syed was against the Indian National Congress. At the same time, the whole Indian society was afraid of the British, but Sir Syed maintained his good relations with the British, and he also showed the loyalty of the Muslims towards them. This study found the conclusion about Sir Syed that he became a symbol of communal harmony.