A study to evaluate feto-maternal outcome of trial of labour in previous cesarean patients: a prospective observational study at a tertiary care centre in India

Background: Vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC) is associated with shorter maternal hospitalizations, less blood loss and fewer transfusions, and fewer thrombo-embolic events than cesarean section (C-section). A 60 to 70% success rate of vaginal birth after previous C-section has been reported by many authors if the primary cesarean was done for nonrecurring indications the subsequent pregnancyMethods: A prospective observational study was conducted at Sassoon general hospital, Pune, India. The 100 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were studied. Maternal and fetal outcomes were analysed.Results: Out of the total 100 cases with previous C-section, successful vaginal delivery was possible in 65% cases. Most common reason for failed attempt to vaginal delivery was failure of labour to progress (40%) followed by failure of induction (28.6%) and non-reassuring FHR (22.9%). Out of the total 35 cases with gestation age over 40 weeks, 51.4% underwent C-section delivery as compared to 26.2% with gestation age of less than 40 weeks (p25, gestation ≥40 weeks and history of previous emergency CS while high success rate was seen with history of any vaginal deliveries. We thus recommend that pregnant woman with history of C-section should be given the option of trial of labour after caesarean (TOLAC), unless contraindicated

In vitro antimicrobial activity of fermented spices and Capsicum Frutescens against multi drug resistance clinical isolate and standard reference bacteria

Introduction: Food preservation is required to maintain for a long period of time. Traditional organic food preservative, “Datta” is spice mainly made up of Chili Peppers which frequently used in southern and western part of Ethiopia. Datta can be consumed almost with every kind of foods and it is believed as appetizer and antimicrobial agent against food borne pathogen. This study aimed to assess in vitro antimicrobial activity of fermented condiment and Capsicum frutescens against multi drug resistance clinical isolate and standard reference bacteria.Method: Datta samples collected from different level hotels and Capsicum frutescens (Chili peppers) were extractedin different solvents.Agar well diffusion assay was used to determine antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration was determined by tube dilution method. One way analysis of variant was used in comparison of the finding.Results: Extracted fermented condiment (Datta) sample and Chili Pepper showed antimicrobial activities against multidrug resistant clinical isolate and standard reference bacteria in well diffusion assay. Datta extract showed MIC ranged from 25 mg/L to 66.7 mg/L and MBC ranged from 25 mg/L to 100 mg/L. The Datta and Chili pepper extracts showed high antimicrobial activities against standard Staphylococcus aureus. The water based extract of Datta sample were exhibited significantly low antimicrobial activities (P=0.000) as compared to the other extraction solvents.Conclusion: Water was weak extractor of active compounds having antimicrobial activities. Reference S. aureuswasmore susceptible organism while ATCC Salmonella enteritidis and clinical isolated multi-drug resistant E. coli less susceptible. The traditional use of fermented condiment for food preservation by the local people is supported by this study.Key words: Antimicrobial activity; Chili Pepper extract; Fermented condiment; Minimum bactericidal concentration; Minimum inhibition contractionActivite antimicrobienne en vitro d'epices fermentees et de fruits de capsicume pour la resistance aux medicaments isolate clinique et bacteries de reference standardIntroduction: La conservation des aliments est nécessaire pour maintenir pendant une longue période de temps. Conservateur de nourriture organiqu et raditionnel, "Datta" est l'épicé compose principalement de Chili Peppers qui fréquemment utilize dans le sud et l'ouest de l'Ethiopie. Datta peu têtre consommé presque avec toutes sortes d'aliments et on le croit comme un apéritif et un agent antimicrobien contre l'agent pathogène alimentaire. Cette etude visait à évaluer l'activité antimicrobienne in vitro du condiment fermenté et Capsicum frutescens contre l'isolement clinique de résistance aux médicaments multiples et les bactéries de référence standard.Méthode: Les échantillons de Datta prélevés dans des hôtels de différents niveaux et Capsicum frutescens (Chili Peppers) ont été extraits dans différents solvants. Un dosage de diffusion de puits a été utilisé pour determiner l'activité antimicrobienne et la concentration inhibitrice minimale (MIC) et la concentration bactericide minimale a été determine par la méthode de dilution du tube. Une analyse à sens unique de la variante a été utilisée en comparaison de la découverte.Résultats: L'échantillon extrait de condiments fermentés (Datta) et Chili Pepper ont montré des activités antimicrobiennes contre l'isolement Clinique résistant aux médicaments multiples et les bactéries de référence standard dans le dosage par diffusion de puits. L'extrait de Datta a montréque le MIC variait de 25 mg / L à 66,7 mg / L et le MBC variait de 25 mg / L à 100 mg / L. Les extraits de poisson de Datta et de Chili ont montré des activités antimicrobiennes élevées contre Staphylococcus aureus standard. L'extrait à base d'eau de l'échantillon de Datta a montré des activités antimicrobiennes significativement faibles (P = 0,000) par rapport aux autres solvants d'extraction.Conclusion: L'eauétaitun extracteur faible de composes actifs ayant des activités antimicrobiennes. Référence S. aureus était un organisme plus susceptible tandisque ATCC Salmonella enteritidis et E.coli. E. coli résistant aux médicaments multiples isolés était moins susceptible. L'utilisation traditionnelle du condiment fermenté pour la conservation des aliments par les populations locales est soutenue par cette étude.Mots clés: Activitéantimicrobienne; Extrait de poivre de piment; Condiment fermenté; Concentration bactéricide minimum; Contraction minimaled'inhibitio

Anaesthesia management in a patient of interstitial lung disease with pulmonary hypertension for emergency laparotomy

We report the anesthaetic management of a patient with known case of interstitial lung disease (ILD) with profound fibrotic changes and bullae with severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) posted for exploratory laparotomy for cecal volvulus. Emergency exploratory laparotomy was done under combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia to avoid intra-operative and post-operative pulmonary complications associated with general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation

Following the messenger: Recent innovations in live cell single molecule fluorescence imaging

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) convey genetic information from the DNA genome to proteins and thus lie at the heart of gene expression and regulation of all cellular activities. Live cell single molecule tracking tools enable the investigation of mRNA trafficking, translation and degradation within the complex environment of the cell and in real time. Over the last 5 years, nearly all tools within the mRNA tracking toolbox have been improved to achieve high‐quality multi‐color tracking in live cells. For example, the bacteriophage‐derived MS2‐MCP system has been improved to facilitate cloning and achieve better signal‐to‐noise ratio, while the newer PP7‐PCP system now allows for orthogonal tracking of a second mRNA or mRNA region. The coming of age of epitope‐tagging technologies, such as the SunTag, MoonTag and Frankenbody, enables monitoring the translation of single mRNA molecules. Furthermore, the portfolio of fluorogenic RNA aptamers has been expanded to improve cellular stability and achieve a higher fluorescence “turn‐on” signal upon fluorogen binding. Finally, microinjection‐based tools have been shown to be able to track multiple RNAs with only small fluorescent appendages and to track mRNAs together with their interacting partners. We systematically review and compare the advantages, disadvantages and demonstrated applications in discovering new RNA biology of this refined, expanding toolbox. Finally, we discuss developments expected in the near future based on the limitations of the current methods.This article is categorized under:RNA Export and Localization > RNA LocalizationRNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and ChemistryRNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein ComplexesTools for the intracellular visualization of mRNA metabolism and function.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155943/1/wrna1587_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155943/2/wrna1587.pd

Coping with Illness: Insight from the Bhagavad Gita

The Shrimad Bhagavad Gita enlightens everyone on how to cope up with various situations in life. It uses the conversation between Lord Krishna and Arjuna to highlight initial negative coping mechanisms exhibited by the latter. It goes on to showcase positive coping skills suggested by Lord Krishna and implemented by Arjuna. The Bhagavad Gita, through this case-based methodology, teaches us how to cope with a demanding situation. Diabetes is a lifestyle disease, which warrants a thorough change in one\u27s lifestyle, including changes in basic activities such as diet and exercise. This brief communication utilizes the teachings of Bhagavad Gita to help in coping with illness, especially chronic illness such as diabetes. The article cites verses from the Bhagavad Gita to show how one may cope with the stress of illness such as diabetes

PLATELET FUNCTION ASSESSMENT IN A MICROFABRICATED DEVICE

Introduction Although platelets are small and simple in shape, they are complicated in their physiologhy. Their alpha granules and dense bodies secrete a large number of agents that are involved in haemostasis, and the glycoproteins on thei r surfaces form the linkages with proteins like fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen and von Willebrand factor that are necessary for adhesion and aggregation A simple way to test platelet function is to immobilize substrates on a flow channel, induce flow over the substrate, and measure the percentage of surface covered by platelet adhesion. The use of several substrates can allow the assessment of a variety of platelet functions. A practical platelet analyzer should 1) be capable of distinguishing multiple aspects of platelet behavior, 2) require a small amount of blood, 3) examine platelet function under shear flow conditions, 4) be relatively simple to use, and 5) be relatively easy to manufacture. Modern micromanufacturing methods are readily available for the construction of the microchannels that can be filled with volumes of blood on the order of ?L. However, a technique is still needed to coat these channels with the appropriate protein substrates. Recently, a process called layer-by-layer assembly (Lvov et al., 2000) has been developed that allows well-controlled protein coatings to be adsorbed onto charged surfaces. The process takes advantage of the charge already on the surface to lay down, in alternating layers, positively and negatively charged ions. The combination of layer-bylayer assembly and micromanufacturing can thus form a basis for the device being sought. Key questions to be answered are whether it is possible to assemble the needed substrates and whether the platelet adhesion patterns behave as expected. For example, the amount of adhesion should be dependent on the substrate and the fluid shear stress. Because fibrinogen is a key protein in both platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation, this was selected as the first protein to be examined. Methods The microchannels were first created as ridges on a silicon wafer. The photopolymer SU-8 was spun onto the wafer and exposed through a mask under ultraviolet light to allow the polymer to cure. Afterwards, the wafer was deve loped in SU-8 developer, leaving SU-8 ridges only where the surface was exposed to light. The cured wafer was then used as a mold for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), an optically clear polymer that cures at room temperature in three days. The raised portions on the silicon then become microchannels in the PDMS. The PDMS microchannels were coated by the layer-by-layer selfassembly technique to provide controlled nanometer-thick layers of fibrinogen. A plexiglass plate was created to cover the channels, and inlet and outlet ports were incorporated into the cover to allow the injection of blood. A syringe injector (Cole Parmer) was used to inject platelet rich plasma at a controlled flow rate. Anticoagulated platelet rich plasma labeled with both acridine orange and a fluorescin isothiocynate-tagged anti-GpIIb/IIIa-antibody was passed through the microchannels. Several experimental runs for different shear rates were carried out. To estimate shear, Couette flow was assumed in the microchannels. Control experiments were performed on bare PDMS surfaces. Images were recorded with a fluorescent microscope. For each image, background subtraction was applied, followed by a thresholding technique to distinguish dark areas (platelets) from light areas (substrate with no adhesion). From these steps, the extent o

Biosurfactants’ multifarious functional potential for sustainable agricultural practices

Increasing food demand by the ever-growing population imposes an extra burden on the agricultural and food industries. Chemical-based pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers, and high-breeding crop varieties are typically employed to enhance crop productivity. Overexploitation of chemicals and their persistence in the environment, however, has detrimental effects on soil, water, and air which consequently disturb the food chain and the ecosystem. The lower aqueous solubility and higher hydrophobicity of agrochemicals, pesticides, metals, and hydrocarbons allow them to adhere to soil particles and, therefore, continue in the environment. Chemical pesticides, viz., organophosphate, organochlorine, and carbamate, are used regularly to protect agriculture produce. Hydrophobic pollutants strongly adhered to soil particles can be solubilized or desorbed through the usage of biosurfactant/s (BSs) or BS-producing and pesticide-degrading microorganisms. Among different types of BSs, rhamnolipids (RL), surfactin, mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), and sophorolipids (SL) have been explored extensively due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against several phytopathogens. Different isoforms of lipopeptide, viz., iturin, fengycin, and surfactin, have also been reported against phytopathogens. The key role of BSs in designing and developing biopesticide formulations is to protect crops and our environment. Various functional properties such as wetting, spreading, penetration ability, and retention period are improved in surfactant-based formulations. This review emphasizes the use of diverse types of BSs and their source microorganisms to challenge phytopathogens. Extensive efforts seem to be focused on discovering the innovative antimicrobial potential of BSs to combat phytopathogens. We discussed the effectiveness of BSs in solubilizing pesticides to reduce their toxicity and contamination effects in the soil environment. Thus, we have shed some light on the use of BSs as an alternative to chemical pesticides and other agrochemicals as sparse literature discusses their interactions with pesticides. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle sustainability analysis (LCSA) quantifying their impact on human activities/interventions are also included. Nanoencapsulation of pesticide formulations is an innovative approach in minimizing pesticide doses and ultimately reducing their direct exposures to humans and animals. Some of the established big players and new entrants in the global BS market are providing promising solutions for agricultural practices. In conclusion, a better understanding of the role of BSs in pesticide solubilization and/or degradation by microorganisms represents a valuable approach to reducing their negative impact and maintaining sustainable agricultural practices

Measurements of \u3cem\u3ed\u3csup\u3en\u3c/sup\u3e\u3c/em\u3e\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e and \u3cem\u3eA\u3csup\u3en\u3c/sup\u3e\u3c/em\u3e\u3csub\u3e1\u3c/sub\u3e: Probing the Neutron Spin Structure

We report on the results of the E06-014 experiment performed at Jefferson Lab in Hall A, where a precision measurement of the twist-3 matrix element d2 of the neutron (dn2) was conducted. The quantity dn2 represents the average color Lorentz force a struck quark experiences in a deep inelastic electron scattering event off a neutron due to its interaction with the hadronizing remnants. This color force was determined from a linear combination of the third moments of the 3He spin structure functions, g1 and g2, after nuclear corrections had been applied to these moments. The structure functions were obtained from a measurement of the unpolarized cross section and of double-spin asymmetries in the scattering of a longitudinally polarized electron beam from a transversely and a longitudinally polarized 3He target. The measurement kinematics included two average Q2 bins of 3.2  GeV2 and 4.3  GeV2, and Bjorken-x 0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.90 covering the deep inelastic and resonance regions. We have found that dn2 is small and negative for ⟨Q2⟩ = 3.2  GeV2, and even smaller for ⟨Q2⟩ = 4.3  GeV2, consistent with the results of a lattice QCD calculation. The twist-4 matrix element fn2 was extracted by combining our measured dn2 with the world data on the first moment in x of gn1, Γn1. We found fn2 to be roughly an order of magnitude larger than dn2 . Utilizing the extracted dn2 and fn2 data, we separated the Lorentz color force into its electric and magnetic components, Fy,nE and Fy,nB, and found them to be equal and opposite in magnitude, in agreement with the predictions from an instanton model but not with those from QCD sum rules. Furthermore, using the measured double-spin asymmetries, we have extracted the virtual photon-nucleon asymmetry on the neutron An1, the structure function ratio gn1/Fn1, and the quark ratios (Δu + Δu¯)/(u + u¯) and (Δd + Δd¯)/(d + d¯). These results were found to be consistent with deep-inelastic scattering world data and with the prediction of the constituent quark model but at odds with the perturbative quantum chromodynamics predictions at large x