Advanced Flowrate Control of Petroleum Products in Transportation: An Optimized Modified Model Reference PID Approach

Efficient flowrate control is paramount for the seamless operation and reliability of petroleum transportation systems, where precise control of fluid movement ensures not only operational efficiency but also safety and cost-effectiveness. The main aim of this paper is to develop a highly effective modified model reference PID controller, tailored to ensure optimal flowrate control of petroleum products throughout their transportation. Initially, the petrol transportation process is analyzed to establish a suitable mathematical model based on vital factors like pipeline diameter, length, and pump attributes. However, using a basic first-order time delay model for petrol transportation systems is limiting due to inaccuracies, variable delay issues, safety oversights, and real-time control complexities. To improve this, the delay portion is approximated as a third-order transfer function to better reflect complex physical conditions. Subsequently, the PID controller is synthesized by modifying its structure to address flowrate control issues. These modifications primarily focus on the controller’s derivative component, involving the addition of a first-order filter and alterations to its structure. To optimize the proposed controller, the genetic, black hole, and zebra optimization techniques are employed, aiming to minimize an integral time absolute error cost function and ensure that the outlet flow of the controlled system closely follows the response of an appropriate reference model. They are chosen for their proficiency in complex optimization to enhance the controller's effectiveness by optimizing parameters within constraints, adapting to system dynamics, and ensuring optimal conditions. Through simulations, it is demonstrated that the proposed controller significantly enhances the stability and efficiency of the control system, while maintaining practical control signals. Moreover, the proposed modifications and intelligent tuning of the PID controller yield remarkable improvements compared to previous related work, resulting in a 36% reduction in rise time, a 63% reduction in settling time, an 80% reduction in overshoot, and a 98% reduction in cost value

n-Butyl 2-(2,4-dichloro­anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo­hex-1-enecarbo­dithio­ate

The cyclo­hexene ring in the title compound, C19H23Cl2NOS2, adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.630 (2) Å from the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.020 Å). The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bond

Underpinning Quality Assurance: Identifying Core Testing Strategies for Multiple Layers of Internet-of-Things-Based Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) constitutes a digitally integrated network of intelligent devices equipped with sensors, software, and communication capabilities, facilitating data exchange among a multitude of digital systems via the Internet. Despite its pivotal role in the software development life-cycle (SDLC) for ensuring software quality in terms of both functional and non-functional aspects, testing within this intricate software–hardware ecosystem has been somewhat overlooked. To address this, various testing techniques are applied for real-time minimization of failure rates in IoT applications. However, the execution of a comprehensive test suite for specific IoT software remains a complex undertaking. This paper proposes a holistic framework aimed at aiding quality assurance engineers in delineating essential testing methods across different testing levels within the IoT. This delineation is crucial for effective quality assurance, ultimately reducing failure rates in real-time scenarios. Furthermore, the paper offers a mapping of these identified tests to each layer within the layered framework of the IoT. This comprehensive approach seeks to enhance the reliability and performance of IoT-based applications

Secondary metabolites of marine-derived Bacillus spizizenii against the enteric redmouth disease in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Looking for effective alternatives, such as secondary microbial metabolites, is needed to restrict the use of antibiotics in farmed fish and their detrimental effects on public health and the environment. Thirty-three water and sediments samples were collected from coastal areas in the Basrah Governorate, southern Iraq, to assess their biological activity against bacterial pathogens isolated from Cyprinus carpio, with enteric red mouth disease. 20 spore-forming bacteria were isolated and identified by VITEK BCL cards and amplifying the gyrA gene. Furthermore, the secondary metabolites produced by the strains were extracted and analyzed by GC-MS. Four pathogenic bacteria were isolated from common carp infected with the enteric red mouth disease. The antibacterial activity of the extracts of the isolated marine strains was examined on bacteria causing enteric red mouth disease and Y. ruckeri and P. aeruginosa. Based on the results, the marine isolates were identified as B. spizizenii and GC-MS analysis revealed that these strains' extract contained amino acids and their derivatives and esters and hydrocarbons. Also, biochemical identifications showed that the bacteria isolated from fish belonged to the species of Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to the antibacterial activity assay, the extracts of B. spizizenii strains were considerably active against bacteria involved in enteric red mouth disease, especially Y. ruckeri. These findings indicate marine B. spizizenii can be replaced with antibiotics in the aquaculture industry to combat infections

2-Hydroxy­ethyl 2-(2,4-dichloro­anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo­hex-1-ene­carbo­dithio­ate

The six-membered cyclo­hexene ring in the title compound, C17H19Cl2NOS2, adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.716 (3) Å from the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.072 Å). The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bond. The hydr­oxy group engages in inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding with adjacent acceptor atoms to generate a zigzag chain running along the c axis

n-Undeca­nyl 2-(4-chloro­anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo­hex-1-ene­carbo­dithio­ate

The six-membered cyclo­hexene ring in the title compound, C26H38ClNOS2, adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.642 (4) Å from the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.053 Å). The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bond

n-Undeca­nyl 2-(2,4-dichloro­anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo­hex-1-ene­carbo­dithio­ate

The six-membered cyclo­hexene ring in the title compound, C26H37Cl2NOS2, adopts an envelope-shaped conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.658 (7) Å from the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.005 Å). The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by an N—H⋯S hydrogen bond

n-Undeca­nyl 2-(4-bromo­anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo­hex-1-ene­carbodithio­ate

The six-membered cyclo­hexene ring in the title compound, C26H38BrNOS2, adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.651 (3) Å from the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.051 Å). The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by an N—H⋯S hydrogen bond. The title compound is isomorphous with n-undeca­nyl 2-(4-chloro­anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo­hex-1-enecarbodithio­ate

2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galacto­pyranosyl 2-(2,4-dichloro­anilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclo­hex-1-enecarbo­dithio­ate

The cyclo­hexene ring in the title compound, C29H33Cl2NO10S2, adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.63 (1) Å from the plane through the other five ring atoms (r.m.s. deviation = 0.11 Å). The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bond. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin, with a minor twin component of 29%

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Primary Care: Overview on Diagnosis and Management

Background: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a debilitating condition marked by the presence of intrusive obsessions and repetitive compulsions. The primary care setting often serves as the first line of contact for individuals grappling with mental health issues, making it a crucial frontier in the early detection and management of OCD. Therefore, the accurate diagnosis of OCD in such settings is essential for effective management. Objective: This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic process for OCD, emphasizing the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and various diagnostic tools available. Additionally, it explores current strategies for managing OCD, including pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. Methodology: For this review, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed databases. Keywords such as "Diagnosis," "obsessive compulsive disorder," and "management" were employed to narrow down relevant studies. Both qualitative and quantitative research papers were included, while non-English publications and those lacking peer-review were excluded. Results: Core symptoms of OCD include obsessions and compulsions, with the Y-BOCS being a standard measure for diagnosis. Differential diagnosis is essential to distinguish OCD from other conditions. SSRIs have been recognized as first-line pharmacological treatments. CBT, particularly Exposure and Response Prevention, remains a potent psychotherapeutic intervention. Emerging treatments like DBS and TMS offer hope for those unresponsive to conventional treatments. Combination therapies have shown enhanced efficacy in certain cases. Conclusion: The meticulous diagnosis of OCD requires recognizing its core symptoms, ruling out other conditions, and leveraging validated clinical tools. A multi-faceted management approach combining pharmacological and psychological treatments ensures optimal patient outcomes, with ongoing research introducing promising new interventions