Que sait-on de l’expérience existentielle des parents des jeunes contrevenants ?

This research on 116 parents of young offenders from the Montreal Centre area indicates that delinquency and its consequences have a negative impact on most parents. Basic statistics are presented for stress, fatigue, health, and general happiness. In addition, qualitative data from the young offenders' official files corroborate these results and offer more details concerning the areas of parents' lives that are affected. This paper examines the cultural and social reasons behind researchers' lack of interest in this topic. The study's results and limitations suggest a vast array of research questions

Adaptation des adolescents au décès ou au divorce des parents

Une enquête auprès d'un échantillon représentatif de 5539 adolescents francophones de l'Ile de Montréal (du Secondaire I au Collégial II) révèle la présence de 446 enfants de parents divorcés (9,82%) et de 330 orphelins (7,27%). Des comparaisons simples suivies d'une comparaison contrôlée de ces deux groupes avec les adolescents vivant avec leurs deux parents montrent un patron régulier où ce sont les enfants du divorce qui se perçoivent comme les plus désavantagés, suivis des orphelins qui occupent une position intermédiaire. Suit une analyse de l'effet de la durée du divorce, de l'âge au moment du divorce et du sexe du parent gardien. Enfin est discuté le fait d'un plus grand nombre de filles dans les familles divorcées.Research conducted on a sample of 5,539 francophone adolescents of the island of Montréal (from first year of High School to last year of Cégep) shows 446 children with divorced parents (9.82 %) and 330 orphans (7.27%). Simple and controlled comparisons of these two groups with adolescents living with both parents reveal a regular pattern where children of divorced families perceive themselves at a disadvantage, followed by orphans in the middle. The authors also analyse how the length of a divorce, the age at which parents divorced and the sex of the guardian parent influence the children. The authors then discuss the fact there are more girls born from divorced families

Integrated Multiscale Modeling of the Nervous System: Predicting Changes in Hippocampal Network Activity by a Positive AMPA Receptor Modulator

One of the fundamental characteristics of the brain is its hierarchical organization. Scales in both space and time that must be considered when integrating across hierarchies of the nervous system are sufficiently great as to have impeded the development of routine multilevel modeling methodologies. Complex molecular interactions at the level of receptors and channels regulate activity at the level of neurons; interactions between multiple populations of neurons ultimately give rise to complex neural systems function and behavior. This spatial complexity takes place in the context of a composite temporal integration of multiple, different events unfolding at the millisecond, second, minute, hour, and longer time scales. In this study, we present a multiscale modeling methodology that integrates synaptic models into single neuron, and multineuron, network models. We have applied this approach to the specific problem of how changes at the level of kinetic parameters of a receptor-channel model are translated into changes in the temporal firing pattern of a single neuron, and ultimately, changes in the spatiotemporal activity of a network of neurons. These results demonstrate how this powerful methodology can be applied to understand the effects of a given local process within multiple hierarchical levels of the nervous system

Simulation of Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors Reveals Critical Features of Glutamatergic Transmission

Activation of several subtypes of glutamate receptors contributes to changes in postsynaptic calcium concentration at hippocampal synapses, resulting in various types of changes in synaptic strength. Thus, while activation of NMDA receptors has been shown to be critical for long-term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission, activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) has been linked to either LTP or LTD. While it is generally admitted that dynamic changes in postsynaptic calcium concentration represent the critical elements to determine the direction and amplitude of the changes in synaptic strength, it has been difficult to quantitatively estimate the relative contribution of the different types of glutamate receptors to these changes under different experimental conditions. Here we present a detailed model of a postsynaptic glutamatergic synapse that incorporates ionotropic and mGluR type I receptors, and we use this model to determine the role of the different receptors to the dynamics of postsynaptic calcium with different patterns of presynaptic activation. Our modeling framework includes glutamate vesicular release and diffusion in the cleft and a glutamate transporter that modulates extracellular glutamate concentration. Our results indicate that the contribution of mGluRs to changes in postsynaptic calcium concentration is minimal under basal stimulation conditions and becomes apparent only at high frequency of stimulation. Furthermore, the location of mGluRs in the postsynaptic membrane is also a critical factor, as activation of distant receptors contributes significantly less to calcium dynamics than more centrally located ones. These results confirm the important role of glutamate transporters and of the localization of mGluRs in postsynaptic sites in their signaling properties, and further strengthen the notion that mGluR activation significantly contributes to postsynaptic calcium dynamics only following high-frequency stimulation. They also provide a new tool to analyze the interactions between metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors

Childhood in Sociology and Society: The US Perspective

The field of childhood studies in the US is comprised of cross-disciplinary researchers who theorize and conduct research on both children and youth. US sociologists who study childhood largely draw on the childhood literature published in English. This article focuses on American sociological contributions, but notes relevant contributions from non-American scholars published in English that have shaped and fueled American research. This article also profiles the institutional support of childhood research in the US, specifically outlining the activities of the ‘Children and Youth’ Section of the American Sociological Association (ASA), and assesses the contributions of this area of study for sociology as well as the implications for an interdisciplinary field.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Families in the new millennium

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