Cross preferences and genetic diversity of Psidium interspecific hybrids through morphoagronomic traits and resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii

Abstract The introgression of M. enterolobii resistance-related genes in guava breeding programs can be compromised by incompatibility among Psidium species. This study aimed to evaluate the female parent preference and genetic diversity of Psidium interspecific hybrids using morphoagronomic traits and resistance to M. enterolobii. There were evaluated cross successes and germination from crosses between accesses of P. cattleyanum, P. guineense and P. guajava and the genetic diversity by Ward-MLM method of hybrids according to descriptors developed for the genus. Crosses were more successful when P. cattleyanum was the female parent. Germination was more successful in crosses involving P. cattleyanum and P. guajava. Four groups were formed. The group IV clustered the most resistant genotypes, composed by genotypes of P. cattleyanum x P. guineense, while the group II was the most susceptible. The groups I and III grouped some genotypes of P. cattleyanum x P. guajava with low levels of susceptibility. There are preferences of female parent species among crosses. Some individuals of groups I and III can be used as source of resistance genes for the breeding program, due the presence of favorable alleles inherited from guava parent. The high susceptibility leads to reduction in root development

Divergência genética entre acessos de feijão-de-vagem de hábito de crescimento indeterminado

Devido à importância da cultura do feijão-de-vagem no contexto da agricultura do RJ, a busca por cultivares com maior produção e melhor qualidade é de elevada importância. A determinação da divergência genética, com o uso da análise multivariada, em que diversos caracteres podem ser dimensionados simultaneamente, apresenta-se bastante vantajosa, podendo-se identificar fontes de variabilidade genética, avaliar a importância dos caracteres para a divergência genética, além de permitir aos melhoristas identificar combinações genéticas com maiores chances de sucesso, antes de se realizarem os cruzamentos. Através de técnicas de análise multivariada, verificou-se que acessos de feijão-de-vagem de hábito de crescimento indeterminado, do banco de germoplasma da UENF, apresentaram variabilidade em relação às características avaliadas. O método de otimização de Tocher permitiu a formação de dois grupos, todavia o subagrupamento pelo mesmo método confirmou a presença de variabilidade entre os acessos do grupo 1, pela formação de seis subgrupos. Por este método, verificou-se que não houve relação entre a diversidade genética e a origem geográfica dos acessos. A divergência genética observada entre os acessos de feijão-de-vagem foi quantificada pelas três primeiras variáveis canônicas, que explicaram cerca de 79% da variação total disponível. O descarte das variáveis de menor importância relativa permitiu identificar as características que realmente contribuíram para a determinação da divergência genética: peso de cem sementes, dias para florescimento, diâmetro de vagem, comprimento de vagem, número total de vagens e número médio de vagens. Os acessos UENF-1429, UENF-1432, UENF-1442, UENF-1445 e UENF-1448 apresentaram bom desempenho para as características avaliadas e boa divergência genética entre si, sendo indicadas para o uso do programa de melhoramento genético do feijão-de-vagem.The search for snap bean cultivars presenting better production and quality is of crucial relevance due to the agricultural importance of this crop in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The determination of genetic divergence by multivariate analysis, through which several characters can be simultaneously dimensioned, is a rather advantageous technique since it allows to identify sources of variability, to evaluate the importance of characters for genetic divergence, and to identify genetic combinations with greater chances of success before crossings are performed. Multivariate analysis techniques allowed us to verify that common bean accessions presenting undetermined growth habits, originated from the UENF germplasm bank, show variability in relation to the evaluated traits. The Tocher optimization method allowed the formation of two groups; however, sub grouping by the same method has confirmed the occurrence of variability among group 1 accessions, from the formation of six subgroups. No relationship between genetic diversity and geographic origin of the accesses was found by using this method. The genetic divergence observed among the common bean accesses was quantified by three canonic variables, which explained around 79% of the total available variation. Discarding the variables of lower relative importance allowed us to identify the traits that have truly contributed to the determination of the genetic divergence: 100-seed weight, days for flowering, pod diameter, pod length, total number of beans and average number of beans. Accesses UENF-1429, UENF-1432, UENF-1442, UENF-1445 and UENF-1448 showed a good performance for the evaluated traits and genetic divergence, being indicated for use in breeding programs of snap beans

Differentially abundant proteins associated with heterosis in the primary roots of popcorn.

Although heterosis has significantly contributed to increases in worldwide crop production, the molecular mechanisms regulating this phenomenon are still unknown. In the present study, we used a comparative proteomic approach to explore hybrid vigor via the proteome of both the popcorn L54 ♀ and P8 ♂ genotypes and the resultant UENF/UEM01 hybrid cross. To analyze the differentially abundant proteins involved in heterosis, we used the primary roots of these genotypes to analyze growth parameters and extract proteins. The results of the growth parameter analysis showed that the mid- and best-parent heterosis were positive for root length and root dry matter but negative for root fresh matter, seedling fresh matter, and protein content. The comparative proteomic analysis identified 1343 proteins in the primary roots of hybrid UENF/UEM01 and its parental lines; 220 proteins were differentially regulated in terms of protein abundance. The mass spectrometry proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier "PXD009436". A total of 62 regulated proteins were classified as nonadditive, of which 53.2% were classified as high parent abundance (+), 17.8% as above-high parent abundance (+ +), 16.1% as below-low parent abundance (- -), and 12.9% as low parent abundance (-). A total of 22 biological processes were associated with nonadditive proteins; processes involving translation, ribosome biogenesis, and energy-related metabolism represented 45.2% of the nonadditive proteins. Our results suggest that heterosis in the popcorn hybrid UENF/UEM01 at an early stage of plant development is associated with an up-regulation of proteins related to synthesis and energy metabolism

Variáveis multicategóricas na determinação da divergência genética entre acessos de pimenta e pimentão Multicategoric variables for determining the genetic divergence among sweet and chilli peppers

A manutenção de acessos de Capsicum em bancos de germoplasma tem crescido em importância para preservação da diversidade e uso em programas de melhoramento genético. Este trabalho visou avaliar a divergência genética entre acessos de Capsicum spp. e verificar a eficiência da utilização de medidas de dissimilaridade e da discriminação de genótipos em espécies, baseando-se em 13 variáveis multicategóricas. O experimento foi realizado em Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, em blocos ao acaso com três repetições utilizando 59 acessos com dez plantas por parcela, entre novembro/2001 e julho/2002. Os descritores considerados foram: cor do caule, da antera e da corola; número de flores por axila; posição da flor; hábito de crescimento; cor do fruto imaturo e maduro; forma e epiderme do fruto; cor da semente e da folha cotiledonar; número de lóculos; constrição anular do cálice e do fruto. Os dados foram obtidos pela moda de cada descritor seguindo-se os critérios do IPGRI. As análises realizadas foram: agrupamento pelo método de Tocher e Hierárquico do Vizinho Mais Próximo; Projeção das Distâncias no Plano e Análise Discriminante de Anderson. O método de Tocher diferenciou as espécies de C. annuum var. annuum, C. annuum var. glabriusculum, C. chinense e C. pubescens, confirmando que os descritores qualitativos essenciais para a caracterização de Capsicum spp. devem ser utilizados no manejo de bancos de germoplasma. Os métodos de Tocher, Hierárquico do Vizinho Mais Próximo e Projeção das Distâncias no Plano foram concordantes e eficazes em agrupar acessos com pequena distância genética entre si. As funções discriminantes de Anderson identificaram 100% das espécies e variedades botânicas estudadas.<br>Accessions of Capsicum maintained in germplasm banks are important not only for diversity preservation but also for plant breeding purposes. In this work the genetic divergence among Capsicum spp. accessions, were studied to verify the efficiency of dissimilarity measures and to discriminate genotypes in species, based on 13 multicategoric variables. The experiment was conducted in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, in randomized blocks with three replications testing 59 accessions, ten plants per plot, from November, 2001 to July, 2002. The following descriptors were considered: cotyledoneus leaf color; stem color, anther color; corolla color; number of flowers per axil; flower position; plant growth habit; fruit color at intermediate stage; fruit color at mature stage; fruit shape; fruit surface; seed color; number of locules; calyx annular constriction, and neck at base of fruit. The data were collected using mode of each descriptor following the IPGRI (1995) criteria. The data were analyzed according to Tocher optimization method, Nearest Neighbor, distance plotted in plain and discriminant analysis. Qualitative traits analyzed by Tocher's method were efficient to differentiate among the species C. annuum var. annuum, C. annuum var. glabriusculum, C. chinense, and C. pubescens. This result confirms that qualitative descriptors considered essential for morphological and agronomic characterization must be used in germplasm bank management. Tocher's method and Nearest Neighbor methods and distance plotted in plain showed resemblance and were efficient in clustering accessions with small genetic distance among them. Using functions of Anderson's discriminant analysis it was possible to identify 100% of species and botanic variety used in this study