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Enhancing Vocational Training for Economic Growth in Pakistan

Training and skills development play vital role in development. The demand for vocationally trained and technically educated human resource rises with every step towards industrialisation and modernisation of production units and work premises. Therefore, skill and capital are complementary. The paper specifically reviews and analyses the status of vocational training related policies and practices and their impact on the development of human resource in Pakistan. The study revealed that there is a time lag of 3 to 10 years to harness the benefits of training. Therefore, government should plan accordingly. It also explores that there exists a wide gap between demand and supply of effective manpower and lack of coordination amongst government and private agencies. There is a need to update and revise the existing curriculums, enhance of the status of the teachers, and strengthen the Institutions. Pakistan has favourable demographic transition trend, therefore, there is a need to exploit it properly. Public and private sectors should pursue demand based policies that promote growth in Human Resource Development.

Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure of 1-(4-methylbenzoyl)-3-(4 aminosulfonylphenyl)thiourea

An efficient synthesis of the title compound, 1-(4-methylbenzoyl)-3-(4-aminosulfonyl phenyl)thiourea,  was carried out by reaction of 4-methylbenzoyl chloride with potassium thiocyanate in acetone to afford 4-methylbenzoyl isothiocyanate in situ followed by treatment with sulfanilamide. The structure was confirmed by spectroscopic data and elemental analyses. The molecular structure was determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with unit cell dimensions of a = 4.8116(9) Å, b = 17.150(3) Å, c = 18.677(3) Å, γ = 96.487(4) °, and V = 1531.4(5) Å3

Enhancing Vocational Training for Economic Growth in Pakistan

Training in general and skills development in particular, not only play a vital role in individual, organisational and overall national economic growth but are integral part of Human Resource Development (HRD). Skill development may be defined as a process to acquiring and sharpening capabilities to perform various functions associated with their present and future roles [Tripathi (2003)]. Moreover, literature suggests that human capabilities can be improved through better education and training [Haq (2002)]. Enhanced skills enable individuals to be more productive and spawn more money. It not only raises the rate of return on investment and increases employability but also ensures the implementation of various development projects in the time [Booth and Snower (1996) and O’Conner and Lunati (1999)]. To summarise, vocational education and training are indispensable instruments for improving labour mobility, adaptability and productivity, thus contributing to enhancing firms’ competitiveness and redressing labour market imbalances [Cailods (1994)]

Ethyl 4-[3-(2-methyl­benzo­yl)thio­ureido]benzoate

The mol­ecular conformation of the title compound, C18H18N2O3S, is stabilized by an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The crystal packing shows centrosymmetric dimers connected by N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds. The terminal eth­oxy substituents are statistically disordered [occupancy ratio 0.527 (5):0.473 (5)]

3,4,5-Trimethoxy­benzohydrazidium chloride

The title compound, C10H15N2O4 +·Cl−, was obtained as an unexpected by-product during the synthesis of 1-[2-(substituted ar­yl)]-3-methyl­pyrazol-5-ones. The hydrazide group is essentially planar, with an r.s.m. deviation of 0.020 (2) Å, and is oriented at a dihedral angle of 30.52 (3)° with respect to the benzene ring. In the crystal structure, the cations and anions are linked through N—H⋯O and N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a mol­ecular tape running along the b axis

Imidazole and its derivatives as potential candidates for drug development

Imidazole and its derivatives are the pharmacological significant scaffolds with the broad spectrum of activities can be synthesized in the laboratory in the single step by the action of the catalyst. The current review summarizes the role of the imidazole and its derivatives during the last decade (2005-2014) for the treatment of many diseases. Review highlights their significant contribution towards the drug development for the treatment of some fatal diseases like HIV, cancer, tuberculosis and hepatitis C. As imidazole and its derivatives continue to play an important role for the treatment of many diseases so there is a need to trigger research in this field

Complications of Intrathecal Baclofen Pump Therapy: An Institutional Experience from Saudi Arabia.

The intrathecal baclofen pump (ITB) is one of the advanced treatment options in the management of spasticity. This retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify the complications of ITB treatment at a tertiary care rehabilitation facility. Various demographic and technical factors were analyzed, which are less often reported in the literature. All patients with ITB who had their refill at the ITB clinic between November 2019 and March 2020 were included. Of 48 patients, 17 patients had 18 (37.5%) ITB-related complications. Catheter-related complications were most common, whereas loss of efficacy (16.7%) and baclofen withdrawal (14.5%) were the most common outcomes of complications. Only catheter occlusion had a significant relationship with the pattern of spastic quadriparesis ( = 0.001). Gender, rehabilitation diagnosis, patients' residence, and facility of ITB placement did not have significant association. Similarly, age, distance from hospital, disease onset, ITB therapy duration, and baclofen dose were not statistically significant in relation to ITB-related complications

Intermolecular interactions in antipyrine-like derivatives 2-halo-: N -(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H -pyrazol-4-yl)benzamides: X-ray structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT calculations

The synthesis, X-ray structure characterization, Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT calculations of two new antipyrine derivatives are reported herein. Particularly, 2-bromo-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzamide (1) and 2-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzamide (2) are synthesized in good yields and characterized spectroscopically. Both compounds are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic P21/c space group. The crystal packing of both compounds is mainly stabilized by a combination of N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In addition, C-H⋯π and lone pair⋯π contacts were observed. Their solid-state structures have been analyzed through Hirshfeld surface analysis, including the evaluation of the different energy frameworks, indicating that the molecular sheets are primarily formed by hydrogen bonds and the stabilization is dominated via the electrostatic energy contribution. These studies are complemented with DFT calculations (B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP), and a combination of QTAIM/NCIplot analyses disclosing that the H-bonding interactions are energetically relevant (ranging from 0.9 to 6.1 kcal mol-1), however the total binding energies of the different assemblies are dominated by a combination of π-interactions (of the type C-H⋯π, π⋯π, and lone pair halogen⋯π) that are able to stabilize cooperatively the assemblies up to 12 kcal mol-1.Fil: Saeed, Aamer. Quaid-I-Azam University. Department of Chemistry; PakistánFil: Khurshid, Asma. Quaid-I-Azam University. Department of Chemistry; PakistánFil: Flöerke, Ulrich. Universität Paderborn. Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften. Department Chemie; AlemaniaFil: Echeverría, Gustavo Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Piro, Oscar Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Gil, Diego Mauricio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Rocha, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Frontera, Antonio. Universidad de las Islas Baleares; EspañaFil: El-Seedi, Hesham R.. Al-rayan Colleges; Arabia Saudita. Jiangsu University. College of Food and Biological Engineering; ChinaFil: Mumtaz, Amara. COMSATS University Islamabad. Department of Chemistry; PakistánFil: Erben, Mauricio Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino"; Argentin