Repulsion and Attraction between a Pair of Cracks in a Plastic Sheet

We study the interaction of two collinear cracks in polymer sheets slowly growing towards each other, when submitted to uniaxial stress at a constant loading velocity. Depending on the sample’s geometry—specifically, the initial distances d between the two cracks’ axes and L between the cracks’ tips—we observe different crack paths with, in particular, a regime where the cracks repel each other prior to being attracted. We show that the angle θ characterizing the amplitude of the repulsion—and specifically its evolution with d—depends strongly on the microscopic behavior of the material. Our results highlight the crucial role of the fracture process zone. At interaction distances larger than the process zone size, crack repulsion is controlled by the microscopic shape of the process zone tip, while at shorter distances, the overall plastic process zone screens the repulsion interaction.Peer reviewe

Repulsion and attraction in a couple of cracks

We have performed an experimental study of the interaction of two collinear cracks in different polymer sheets submitted to uniaxial stress at a constant imposed velocity. Depending on the samples geometry and the material used, we could observe that the two cracks interact in different ways. More specifically, we could observe different crack trajectories, with in particular, a repulsive regime, which evolves systematically with the initial vertical crack separation d. We show that the angle characterizing the amplitude of the repulsion - and specifically its evolution with d - depends strongly on the microscopic behavior of the material. We provide a physical interpretation of our results, based on the observation of different shape and size of the fracture process zone in the different samples studied. At interaction distances larger than the process zone size, the microscopic shape of the process zone tip controls the amplitude of the crack repulsion, contrary to the macroscopic mechanical behavior of the material

Spatial fluctuations in transient creep deformation

We study the spatial fluctuations of transient creep deformation of materials as a function of time, both by Digital Image Correlation (DIC) measurements of paper samples and by numerical simulations of a crystal plasticity or discrete dislocation dynamics model. This model has a jamming or yielding phase transition, around which power-law or Andrade creep is found. During primary creep, the relative strength of the strain rate fluctuations increases with time in both cases - the spatially averaged creep rate obeys the Andrade law $\epsilon_t \sim t^{-0.7}$, while the time dependence of the spatial fluctuations of the local creep rates is given by $\Delta \epsilon_t \sim t^{-0.5}$. A similar scaling for the fluctuations is found in the logarithmic creep regime that is typically observed for lower applied stresses. We review briefly some classical theories of Andrade creep from the point of view of such spatial fluctuations. We consider these phenomenological, time-dependent creep laws in terms of a description based on a non-equilibrium phase transition separating evolving and frozen states of the system when the externally applied load is varied. Such an interpretation is discussed further by the data collapse of the local deformations in the spirit of absorbing state/depinning phase transitions, as well as deformation-deformation correlations and the width of the cumulative strain distributions. The results are also compared with the order parameter fluctuations observed close to the depinning transition of the 2$d$ Linear Interface Model or the quenched Edwards-Wilkinson equation.Comment: 27 pages, 18 figure

Étude des propriétés mécaniques et acoustiques d'un milieu granulaire sous chargements cycliques

This work deals with the characterization, by an acoustical method, of the mechanical behaviour of a dry dense granular medium under cyclic loading using an acoustic technique. The sound propagation through the contact-force network supporting the external load offers a non-invasive probe of the viscoelastic properties of such heterogeneous media. First, we study the visco-elasto-plastic response of the glass bead packing during an oedometric test and investigate the settlement or residual deformation and the hysteretic dissipation as function of loading cycles, strain rate and the surface state of the grains. We show that the modulus deduced from mechanical results (strain e ~ 10?4-10?³)) are about tens time smaller than those from acoustic measurements (e ~ 10?7) due to the nonlinear response of the material. Next, we examine creep and relaxation phenomena of the granular medium. The novelty of our study lies in the simultaneous monitoring of the sample using acoustic measurements. We find quasi-logarithmic increase of sound velocities in both mechanical tests. The model based on the mechanics of micro-contact between rough grains describes fairly well our experimental resultsCe travail porte sur la caractérisation, par une méthode acoustique, du comportement mécanique d’un milieu granulaire sous chargement cyclique. La propagation d’ondes ultrasonores, à travers le réseau des contacts supportant les efforts dans l’échantillon, permet de sonder les propriétés viscoélastiques de ces milieux hétérogènes. Dans une première partie, nous étudions le comportement visco-élasto-plastique d’un empilement de billes de verre lors d’un essai oedométrique. Nous examinons en particulier le tassement, ou la déformation résiduelle, et la dissipation hystérétique, en fonction du nombre de cycles, du taux de déformation et de l’état de surface des billes. Nous montrons que les modules déduits des donnés mécaniques (déformation e ~ 10?4-10?³) sont dix fois plus petits que ceux obtenus par les mesures acoustiques (e ~ 10?7) à cause de la réponse non linéaire du milieu. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons au fluage et à la relaxation de contrainte du milieu. L’originalité de cette étude est le suivi par la mesure de la vitesse du son, qui présente une augmentation de type logarithmique dans les deux types d’essais. Le modèle basé sur la mécanique des microcontacts entre grains rugueux décrit bien nos résultats expérimentau

Study of mechanical and acoustical properties of a granular medium under cyclic load

Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation, par une méthode acoustique, du comportement mécanique d’un milieu granulaire sous chargement cyclique. La propagation d’ondes ultrasonores, à travers le réseau des contacts supportant les efforts dans l’échantillon, permet de sonder les propriétés viscoélastiques de ces milieux hétérogènes. Dans une première partie, nous étudions le comportement visco-élasto-plastique d’un empilement de billes de verre lors d’un essai oedométrique. Nous examinons en particulier le tassement, ou la déformation résiduelle, et la dissipation hystérétique, en fonction du nombre de cycles, du taux de déformation et de l’état de surface des billes. Nous montrons que les modules déduits des donnés mécaniques (déformation e ~ 10?4-10?³) sont dix fois plus petits que ceux obtenus par les mesures acoustiques (e ~ 10?7) à cause de la réponse non linéaire du milieu. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons au fluage et à la relaxation de contrainte du milieu. L’originalité de cette étude est le suivi par la mesure de la vitesse du son, qui présente une augmentation de type logarithmique dans les deux types d’essais. Le modèle basé sur la mécanique des microcontacts entre grains rugueux décrit bien nos résultats expérimentauxThis work deals with the characterization, by an acoustical method, of the mechanical behaviour of a dry dense granular medium under cyclic loading using an acoustic technique. The sound propagation through the contact-force network supporting the external load offers a non-invasive probe of the viscoelastic properties of such heterogeneous media. First, we study the visco-elasto-plastic response of the glass bead packing during an oedometric test and investigate the settlement or residual deformation and the hysteretic dissipation as function of loading cycles, strain rate and the surface state of the grains. We show that the modulus deduced from mechanical results (strain e ~ 10?4-10?³)) are about tens time smaller than those from acoustic measurements (e ~ 10?7) due to the nonlinear response of the material. Next, we examine creep and relaxation phenomena of the granular medium. The novelty of our study lies in the simultaneous monitoring of the sample using acoustic measurements. We find quasi-logarithmic increase of sound velocities in both mechanical tests. The model based on the mechanics of micro-contact between rough grains describes fairly well our experimental result

Étude des propriétés mécaniques et acoustiques d'un milieu granulaire sous chargements cycliques

Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation, par une méthode acoustique, du comportement mécanique d un milieu granulaire sous chargement cyclique. La propagation d ondes ultrasonores, à travers le réseau des contacts supportant les efforts dans l échantillon, permet de sonder les propriétés viscoélastiques de ces milieux hétérogènes. Dans une première partie, nous étudions le comportement visco-élasto-plastique d un empilement de billes de verre lors d un essai oedométrique. Nous examinons en particulier le tassement, ou la déformation résiduelle, et la dissipation hystérétique, en fonction du nombre de cycles, du taux de déformation et de l état de surface des billes. Nous montrons que les modules déduits des donnés mécaniques (déformation e ~ 10?4-10? ) sont dix fois plus petits que ceux obtenus par les mesures acoustiques (e ~ 10?7) à cause de la réponse non linéaire du milieu. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons au fluage et à la relaxation de contrainte du milieu. L originalité de cette étude est le suivi par la mesure de la vitesse du son, qui présente une augmentation de type logarithmique dans les deux types d essais. Le modèle basé sur la mécanique des microcontacts entre grains rugueux décrit bien nos résultats expérimentauxThis work deals with the characterization, by an acoustical method, of the mechanical behaviour of a dry dense granular medium under cyclic loading using an acoustic technique. The sound propagation through the contact-force network supporting the external load offers a non-invasive probe of the viscoelastic properties of such heterogeneous media. First, we study the visco-elasto-plastic response of the glass bead packing during an oedometric test and investigate the settlement or residual deformation and the hysteretic dissipation as function of loading cycles, strain rate and the surface state of the grains. We show that the modulus deduced from mechanical results (strain e ~ 10?4-10? )) are about tens time smaller than those from acoustic measurements (e ~ 10?7) due to the nonlinear response of the material. Next, we examine creep and relaxation phenomena of the granular medium. The novelty of our study lies in the simultaneous monitoring of the sample using acoustic measurements. We find quasi-logarithmic increase of sound velocities in both mechanical tests. The model based on the mechanics of micro-contact between rough grains describes fairly well our experimental resultsPARIS-EST-Université (770839901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Assessment for Sustainable Use of Quarry Fines as Pavement Construction Materials: Part I—Description of Basic Quarry Fine Properties

As a secondary material, quarry fines are a valuable material to be reused for many purposes in civil engineering projects. The aggregate source depletion, especially the lack of high quality aggregates as expected in the future, as well as the demand for a carbon-neutral society and circular economy, also promotes the high-volume utilization of secondary materials such as quarry fines. The aim of this study is to do a feasibility assessment including a series of laboratory tests and analyses to evaluate the properties of quarry fine materials to determine if this type of material could be qualified as pavement construction material in high volume. The gradation information obtained from both sieving and hydrometer tests indicates the frost susceptibility of unstabilized quarry fines, therefore frost heave tests were performed and which further suggest the necessity of stabilization to improve its properties for pavement applications, especially in structural layers such as base, subbase, or filter layers. Some other general information and properties of unbound quarry fines, especially regarding their validity for application in pavement engineering are also investigated and discussed.Peer reviewe

Microstructural behaviour of quarry fines stabilised with fly ash-based binder

Stabilised quarry fines have been explored as sustainable pavement construction materials. This study investigates the viability of such materials for applications in pavement structures, contributing to current knowledge on mechanical performance from the perspective of mineralogy, microstructure, and chemical composition of the material. This study uses fly ash-based material as stabiliser, promoting circular economy considering the availability of fly ash worldwide by 2030. Laboratory tests were performed including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), mineralogical analysis, and microstructure investigations by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Using different binders, Calcium was found to be the element with most variability in mass, and the UCS increased proportionally as the ratio of CaO/SiO2 or CaO/(SiO2+Al2O2) increased. As curing time accumulates to 28 days, more cementitious reaction products were generated and observed, and the void to solid ratio reduced in some samples, possibly leading to improvements in the UCS.Peer reviewe

Predicting sample lifetimes in creep fracture of heterogeneous materials

Materials flow - under creep or constant loads - and, finally, fail. The prediction of sample lifetimes is an important and highly challenging problem because of the inherently heterogeneous nature of most materials that results in large sample-to-sample lifetime fluctuations, even under the same conditions. We study creep deformation of paper sheets as one heterogeneous material and thus show how to predict lifetimes of individual samples by exploiting the "universal" features in the sample-inherent creep curves, particularly the passage to an accelerating creep rate. Using simulations of a viscoelastic fiber bundle model, we illustrate how deformation localization controls the shape of the creep curve and thus the degree of lifetime predictability.Peer reviewe