A Hybrid Convolutional Network and Long Short-Term Memory (HBCNLS) model for Sentiment Analysis on Movie Reviews

This paper proposes a hybrid model (HBCNLS) for sentiment analysis that combines the strengths of multiple machine learning approaches. The model consists of a convolutional neural network (CNN) for feature extraction, a long short-term memory (LSTM) network for capturing sequential dependencies, and a fully connected layer for classification on movie review dataset. We evaluate the performance of the HBCNLS on the IMDb movie review dataset and compare it to other state-of-the-art models, including BERT. Our results show that the hybrid model outperforms the other models in terms of accuracy, precision, and recall, demonstrating the effectiveness of the hybrid approach. The research work also compares the performance of BERT, a pre-trained transformer model, with long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the task of sentiment analysis on a movie review dataset.

MUCOSAL AdHu5Ag85A VACCINE-INDUCED B CELL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS THE ROLE OF B CELLS IN RESPIRATORY MUCOSAL AdHu5Ag85A VACCINE-INDUCED IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS TITLE: The role of B cells in respiratory mucosal AdHu5Ag85A vaccine-induced immuni

Abstract Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is the causative pathogen o

Type 1 interferon gene transfer enhances host defense against pulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection via activating innate leukocytes

Pneumococcal infections are the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Although the type 1 interferon-α (IFN-α) is a well-known antiviral cytokine, the role of IFN-α in antipneumococcal host defense and its therapeutic potential remain poorly understood. We have investigated these issues by using a murine transgene expression model. We found that in control animals, Streptococcus pneumoniae infection caused severe weight loss and excessive lung inflammation, associated with rapid bacterial outgrowth. In contrast, the animals that received a single dose of an adenoviral vector expressing IFN-α prior to pneumococcal infection demonstrated rapid and effective control of bacterial replication and lung inflammation and improved clinical outcome. Enhanced protection by IFN-α was due to increased activation of neutrophils and macrophages with increased release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and bacterial killing. Furthermore, we found that raised levels of IFN-α in the lung remained immune protective even when the gene transfer vector was given at a time postpneumococcal infection. Our study thus shows that the classically antiviral type 1 IFN can be exploited for enhancing immunity against pneumococcal infection via its activating effects on innate immune cells. Our findings hold implications for the therapeutic use of IFN-α gene transfer strategies to combat pneumococcal infections

Multifunctional profile of CD4⁺ T cells in the lung of infant and adult mice following BCG immunization.

<p>Infant and adult mice were immunized s.c. with BCG and sacrificed at 4 (A), 8 (B), or 16 (C) weeks following immunization. Cells from the lung were stimulated with <i>M</i>.<i>tb</i> CF + crude BCG for 24h or left unstimulated as a control. Cells were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. Average proportions displayed in pie chart are of the CD4 T cells expressing specific cytokine combinations. Absolute numbers of CD4⁺ T cells in the tissues were calculated and displayed in bar graphs. Results are from one independent experiment per timepoint, n = 4-5/group/timepoint. Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.005; ***, p < 0.0005.</p

Total # of IFN-γ⁺ T cells in BAL in mice boosted at 16 weeks post-BCG (x 10³).

<p>Infant and adult mice were immunized s.c. with BCG, and the AdHu5Ag85A booster vaccine was administered intranasally (i.n.) at 16 weeks post-BCG. The mice were sacrificed 4 or 8 weeks after boosting. Cells isolated from the BAL were stimulated with <i>M</i>.<i>tb</i> CF + crude BCG, or unstimulated as a control. Cells were stained with extracellular antibodies for T cell markers, followed by intracellular staining for IFN-γ, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Absolute numbers of IFN-γ⁺CD4⁺ and IFN-γ⁺CD8⁺ T cells were calculated (unstimulated subtracted from stimulated). Results are from one experiment per timepoint, n = 4-5/group/timepoint. Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.</p><p>*, p < 0.05.</p><p>Total # of IFN-γ⁺ T cells in BAL in mice boosted at 16 weeks post-BCG (x 10³).</p

Memory T cells in the lung and spleen of infant and adult mice following BCG immunization.

<p>Infant and adult mice were BCG immunized and sacrificed at 8 or 16 weeks. Cells from the lung (A) and spleen (B) were stained with extracellular antibodies for memory CD4 T cell markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. Absolute numbers of CD4⁺CD44⁺ cells that are T_eff/T_EM (CD127^-/+CD62L^-) or T_CM (CD127⁺CD62L⁺) in the tissues were calculated. Results are from one experiment per timepoint, n = 4/group/timepoint. Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05.</p

Effect of elapsed time between BCG priming and AdHu5Ag85A boost immunization on Ag-specific responses boosted by AdHu5Ag85A boost immunization.

<p>Infant and adult mice were BCG immunized, and boosted with AdHu5Ag85A at 8 or 16 weeks post-BCG (A). The mice were sacrificed 4 weeks after boosting. Cells isolated from the lung were stimulated either with <i>M</i>.<i>tb</i> CF + crude BCG (B), Ag85A-specific CD4 T cell peptide (C), or CD8 T cell peptide (D), or left unstimulated as a control. Cells were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. Absolute numbers of IFN-γ⁺CD4⁺ (B, C) and IFN-γ⁺CD8⁺ (D) T cells were calculated (unstimulated subtracted from stimulated). Ag85A CD8 peptide tetramer staining was performed on lung cells, and analyzed by flow cytometry (E). Absolute numbers of tet⁺CD8⁺ T cells were calculated. Results are from one experiment per timepoint, n = 4-5/group/timepoint. Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.005; ***, p < 0.0005. All other comparisons (not indicated) were not significant.</p

Ag-specific T cell responses in the lung after boost AdHu5Ag85A immunization in BCG primed mice.

<p>Infant and adult mice were BCG immunized, and the AdHu5Ag85A booster vaccine was administered i.n. at 16 weeks post-BCG (A). The mice were sacrificed 4 weeks (B, C, D) or 8 weeks (E, F, G) after boosting. Lung cells were stimulated either with <i>M</i>.<i>tb</i> CF + crude BCG for 24h (open bar), or Ag85A-specific CD4 or CD8 T cell peptide for 6h (black bar), or left unstimulated (B, C, E, F). Cells were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. Absolute numbers of IFN-γ⁺CD4⁺ (B, E) and IFN-γ⁺CD8⁺ (C, F) T cells were calculated (unstimulated subtracted from stimulated). Ag85A CD8 peptide tetramer staining was performed on lung cells, and analyzed by flow cytometry (D, G). Absolute numbers of tet⁺CD8⁺ T cells were calculated. Results are from one experiment per timepoint, n = 4-5/group/timepoint. Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.005; ***, p < 0.0005. All other comparisons (not indicated) were not significant.</p

IFN-γ⁺CD4⁺ T cell kinetics in the lung and spleen of infant and adult mice following BCG immunization.

<p>Infant and adult mice were immunized s.c. with BCG and sacrificed at 4, 8, or 16 weeks following immunization. Cells from the lung (A) and spleen (B) were isolated and stimulated with mixed <i>M</i>.<i>tb</i> culture filtrate (CF) and crude BCG (cBCG) for 24h or with media only as a control (unstimulated). Cells were stained with extracellular cell markers, followed by intracellular staining for IFN-γ, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Absolute numbers of IFN-γ⁺CD4⁺ T cells in the tissues were calculated (unstimulated numbers were subtracted from stimulated), and representative dot plots are shown. Results are from one to two independent experiments per timepoint, n = 4-8/group/timepoint. Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.005; ****, p < 0.0001.</p