Additional file 1: Table S1. of Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages

Data used for re-analysis (some species are not correctly specified in original articles and are georeferenced according to the locality or community). (DOCX 489 kb

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages

Phylogenetic studies not using analytical methods. (DOCX 30 kb

Additional file 5: Figure S1. of Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages

Ecological niche significance values. (TIF 40 kb

Additional file 4: Table S4. of Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages

Number of species and records reported in different orders. (DOCX 16 kb

Additional file 3: Table S3. of Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages

Phylogeographic studies not using analytical methods. (DOCX 15 kb

Genetic variation and phylogeography of the Triatoma dimidiata complex evidence a potential center of origin and recent divergence of haplogroups having differential Trypanosoma cruzi and DTU infections.

The population genetics of Triatoma dimidiata haplogroups was analyzed at landscape and sub-regional scales in Chiapas and regional level across the Mexican Neotropics, and phylogeography of the complex was re-analyzed across its complete geographic range. Two contiguous fragments of the ND4 gene were analyzed due to bias from differential haplogroup specificity using a previously designed sequence. At both landscape (anthropic modification gradient) and regional (demographic, fragmentation, biogeographic, climate) scales, lowest T. dimidiata genetic diversity occurs where there is greatest historical anthropic modification, and where T. cruzi infection prevalence is significantly highest. Trypanosoma cruzi prevalence was significantly higher than expected in haplogroups 1 and 3, while lower than expected in haplogroup 2. There was also a significant difference of DTUI and DTUVI infection frequencies in both haplogroups 1 and 3, while no difference of either in haplogroup 2. All haplogroups from the Mexican Neotropics had moderate to high haplotype diversity, while greatest genetic differentiation was between haplogroups 1 and 3 (above FST = 0.868, p < 0.0001). Divergence of the complex from the MRCA was estimated between 0.97 MYA (95% HPD interval = 0.55-1.53 MYA) and 0.85 MYA (95% HPD interval = 0.42-1.5 MYA) for ND4A and both concatenated fragments, respectively, with primary divergence from the MRCA of haplogroups 2 and 3. Effective population size for Mexican haplogroups 1 and 2 increased between 0.02 and 0.03 MYA. This study supports previous ecological niche evidence for the complex´s origin surrounding the Tehuantepec Isthmus, and provides evidence for recent divergence of three primary dimidiata haplogroups, with differential T. cruzi infection frequency and DTU specificity, important components of vector capacity

Genetic variation and phylogeography of the Triatoma dimidiata complex evidence a potential center of origin and recent divergence of haplogroups having differential Trypanosoma cruzi and DTU infections

The population genetics of Triatoma dimidiata haplogroups was analyzed at landscape and sub-regional scales in Chiapas and regional level across the Mexican Neotropics, and phylogeography of the complex was re-analyzed across its complete geographic range. Two contiguous fragments of the ND4 gene were analyzed due to bias from differential haplogroup specificity using a previously designed sequence. At both landscape (anthropic modification gradient) and regional (demographic, fragmentation, biogeographic, climate) scales, lowest T. dimidiata genetic diversity occurs where there is greatest historical anthropic modification, and where T. cruzi infection prevalence is significantly highest. Trypanosoma cruzi prevalence was significantly higher than expected in haplogroups 1 and 3, while lower than expected in haplogroup 2. There was also a significant difference of DTUI and DTUVI infection frequencies in both haplogroups 1 and 3, while no difference of either in haplogroup 2. All haplogroups from the Mexican Neotropics had moderate to high haplotype diversity, while greatest genetic differentiation was between haplogroups 1 and 3 (above F ST = 0.868, p < 0.0001). Divergence of the complex from the MRCA was estimated between 0.97 MYA (95% HPD interval = 0.55-1.53 MYA) and 0.85 MYA (95% HPD interval = 0.42-1.5 MYA) for ND4A and both concatenated fragments, respectively, with primary divergence from the MRCA of haplogroups 2 and 3. Effective population size for Mexican haplogroups 1 and 2 increased between 0.02 and 0.03 MYA. This study supports previous ecological niche evidence for the complex´s origin surrounding the Tehuantepec Isthmus, and provides evidence for recent divergence of three primary dimidiata haplogroups, with differential T. cruzi infection frequency and DTU specificity, important components of vector capacity.Fil: Pech May, Angélica del Rosario. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica /centro Regional de; MéxicoFil: Mazariegos Hidalgo, Carlos Jesús. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica; MéxicoFil: Izeta Alberdi Amaia. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica; MéxicoFil: López Cancino, Sury Antonio. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Chiapas; México. Universidad Anáhuac México; MéxicoFil: Tun Ku, Ezequiel. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica; MéxicoFil: De la Cruz Félix, Keynes. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica; MéxicoFil: Ibarra Cerdeña, Carlos. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados; MéxicoFil: González Ittig, Raúl Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Ramsey, Janine. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica; Méxic

Landscape ecology of Trypanosoma cruzi in the southern Yucatan Peninsula

Landscape interactions of Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) with Triatoma dimidiata (Td) depend on the presence and relative abundance of mammal hosts. This study analyzed a landscape adjacent to the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, composed of conserved areas, crop and farming areas, and the human community of Zoh Laguna with reported Chagas disease cases. Sylvatic mammals of the Chiroptera, Rodentia, and Marsupialia orders were captured, and livestock and pets were sampled along with T. dimidiata in all habitats. Infection by T. cruzi was analyzed using mtDNA markers, while lineage and DTU was analyzed using the mini-exon. 303 sylvatic specimens were collected, corresponding to 19 species during the rainy season and 114 specimens of 18 species during dry season. Five bats Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus lituratus, Sturnira lilium, Sturnira ludovici, Dermanura phaeotis (Dp) and one rodent Heteromys gaumeri were collected in the three habitats. All but Dp, and including Carollia brevicauda and Myotis keaysi, were infected with predominately TcI in the sylvatic habitat and TcII in the ecotone. Sigmodon hispidus was the rodent with the highest prevalence of infection by T. cruzi I and II in ecotone and domestic habitats. Didelphis viginiana was infected only with TcI in both domestic and sylvatic habitats; the only two genotyped human cases were TcII. Two main clades of T. cruzi, lineages I (DTU Ia) and II (DTU VI), were found to be sympatric (all habitats and seasons) in the Zoh-Laguna landscape, suggesting that no species-specific interactions occur between the parasite and any mammal host, in any habitat. We have also found mixed infections of the two principal T. cruzi clades in individuals across modified habitats, particularly in livestock and pets, and in both haplogroups of T. dimidiata. Results are contradictory to the dilution hypothesis, although we did find that most resilient species had an important role as T. cruzi hosts. Our study detected some complex trends in parasite transmission related to lineage sorting within the matrix. Intriguingly, TcIa is dominant in terrestrial small wildlife in the sylvatic habitat and is the only parasite DTU found in D. virginiana in the domestic habitat, although its frequency remained constant in sylvatic and ecotone vectors. Bats have a key role in TcVI dispersal from the sylvatic habitat, while dogs, sheep, and humans are drivers of TcVI between domestic and ecotone habitats. Overall, our results allow us to conclude that T. cruzi transmission is dependent on host availability within a highly permeable landscape in Zoh Laguna.Fil: López Cancino, Sury Antonio. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Tun Ku, Ezequiel. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: De la Cruz Felix, Himmler Keynes. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Ibarra Cerdena, Carlos Napoleón. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados; México;Fil: Izeta Alberdi, Amaia. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica; MéxicoFil: Pech May, Angélica del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica; MéxicoFil: Mazariegos Hidalgo, Carlos Jesús. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica; MéxicoFil: Valdez Tah, Alba Rocio. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur; MéxicoFil: Ramsey, Janine. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica; Méxic