Complejidad y sostenibilidad de dos agro ecosistemas con cacao, Siuna, 2017

This research was carried out in El Carao-Hormiguero Community, Siuna, 2017, in the farms of Los Laureles belonging to Mr. German Valerio Pérez and El Encanto belonging to Mr. Carlos López Lagos, with the purpose of evaluating the complexity and sustainability of two agro ecosystems with cocoa through the management of biodiversity in agroecosystems and determine the level of sustainability in the sociocultural, economic and agro-environmental aspects. Two methodologies were applied, Vázquez (2013) which evaluates six indicatives and 64 indicators, they are measured with a range of (0-4) being this a standard value to measure the level of complexity of the production systems and HESOFI (2015) that evaluates 71 indicators, 12 components and 3 criteria such as sociocultural, economic and agro-environmental and for each criterion a value of 100 is assigned. The coefficient and management of biodiversity in the Los Laureles Farm is moderately complex with a level of 2.61 (56.71%) with a satisfactory rating and El Encanto Farm 1.60 (33.44%), being determined as an uncomplicated production system with a moderately satisfactory rating. The level of sustainability measured by the socio-cultural, economic and agro-environmental dimensions for El Encanto farm was 132 out of 300, its strength lies on the sociocultural (66%), agro-environmental (41%) and economic with (25%). Los Laureles farm presented a value of 202 out of 300, its greatest strength being the sociocultural (75%), the agro-environmental (69%) and the economic (58%). These results indicate that Los Laureles farm has a degree of sustainability of (67.40%), and El Encanto farm with (44.19%).Esta investigación se realizó en la comunidad El Carao-Hormiguero, Siuna, 2017, en las fincas Los Laureles del Sr. German Valerio Pérez y El Encanto del Sr. Carlos López Lagos, con el fin de evaluar la complejidad y sostenibilidad de dos agro ecosistemas con cacao a través de manejo de biodiversidad en los agroecosistemas y determinar el nivel de sostenibilidad en el aspecto sociocultural, económico y agro-ambiental.         Se aplicaron dos metodologías, Vázquez (2013) la cual evalúa seis indicativos y 64 indicadores, se miden con un rango de (0-4) siendo este un valor estándar para medir el nivel de complejidad de los sistemas de producción y HESOFI (2015) que evalúa 71 indicadores, 12 componentes y 3 criterios, sociocultural, económicos y agro-ambiental y para cada criterio se asigna un valor de 100.          El coeficiente y manejo de la biodiversidad en la finca Los Laureles es medianamente complejo con un nivel del 2.61 (56.71%) con un índice satisfactorio y El Encanto 1.60 (33.44%), determinándose como un sistema de producción poco complejo con índice medianamente satisfactorio.            El nivel de sostenibilidad que miden las dimensiones socio-cultural, económica y agro-ambiental para la finca El Encanto fue de 132 de 300, su fuerza radica en lo sociocultural con (66%), agro-ambiental con (41%) y económico con un (25%). Los Laureles presentó un valor de 202 de 300, su mayor fuerte fue lo sociocultural (75%), lo agro- ambiental (69%) y lo económico (58%). Tales resultados indican que Los Laureles cuenta con un grado de sostenibilidad del (67.40%), y El Encanto con (44.19%)

Down syndrome as risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization : A prospective multicenter epidemiological study

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in childhood, particularly in premature infants, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To compare the hospitalization rates due to RSV infection and severity of disease between infants with and without Down syndrome (DS) born at term and without other associated risk factors for severe RSV infection. In a prospective multicentre epidemiological study, 93 infants were included in the DS cohort and 68 matched by sex and data of birth (±1 week) and were followed up to 1 year of age and during a complete RSV season. The hospitalization rate for all acute respiratory infection was significantly higher in the DS cohort than in the non-DS cohort (44.1% vs 7.7%, P<.0001). Hospitalizations due to RSV were significantly more frequent in the DH cohort than in the non-DS cohort (9.7% vs 1.5%, P=.03). RSV prophylaxis was recorded in 33 (35.5%) infants with DS. The rate of hospitalization according to presence or absence of RSV immunoprophylaxis was 3.0% vs 15%, respectively. Infants with DS showed a higher rate of hospitalization due to acute lower respiratory tract infection and RSV infection compared to non-DS infants. Including DS infants in recommendations for immunoprophylaxis of RSV disease should be considered