Bionic 3D printed corals

Corals have evolved as optimized photon augmentation systems, leading to space-efficient microalgal growth and outstanding photosynthetic quantum efficiencies. Light attenuation due to algal self-shading is a key limiting factor for the upscaling of microalgal cultivation. Coral-inspired light management systems could overcome this limitation and facilitate scalable bioenergy and bioproduct generation. Here, we develop 3D printed bionic corals capable of growing microalgae with high spatial cell densities of up to 109 cells mL−1. The hybrid photosynthetic biomaterials are produced with a 3D bioprinting platform which mimics morphological features of living coral tissue and the underlying skeleton with micron resolution, including their optical and mechanical properties. The programmable synthetic microenvironment thus allows for replicating both structural and functional traits of the coral-algal symbiosis. Our work defines a class of bionic materials that is capable of interacting with living organisms and can be exploited for applied coral reef research and photobioreactor design. © 2020, Crown

The Mass-Velocity and Position-Velocity Relations in Episodic Outflows

While observational evidence for the episodic nature of young stellar outflows continues to mount, existing numerical and theoretical models of molecular outflows assume they are formed by the interaction of a non-episodic wind from a young stellar object with an ambient cloud. In this Letter we estimate and discuss the effects of episodicity on the mass-velocity and position-velocity relations observed in molecular outflows. We explain how many recent observational results disagree with the predictions of non-episodic outflow models, and we offer simple explanations for the discrepancies. In particular, we discuss how an episodic stellar outflow can steepen the power-law slope of the mass-velocity relation in a molecular outflow. And, we illustrate how an episodic outflow can produce multiple "Hubble-wedges'' in the position-velocity distribution of a molecular outflow. With a little more information than we have now, it may be possible to use the "fossil record" embedded in a molecular outflow's mass-velocity and position-velocity relations to reconstruct the history of a young stellar object's mass ejection episodes.Comment: To appear in The Astrophysical Journal Letter

The Episodic, Precessing Giant Molecular Outflow from IRAS 04239+2436 (HH 300)

We present the first set of detailed molecular line maps of the region associated with the giant Herbig-Haro flow HH 300, from the young star IRAS 04239+2436. Our results indicate that the red lobe of the HH 300 flow is depositing a fair amount of momentum and kinetic energy over a notable volume of its host dark cloud. This makes HH 300 a key player in the evolution and fate of its parent cloud. The redshifted molecular outflow lobe of HH 300 is 1.1 pc long and 0.3 pc wide, and has a very clumpy structure. The density, velocity, and momentum distributions in the outflow indicate that the observed clumps arise from the prompt entrainment of ambient gas. Bow shock-shaped structures are associated with the clumps, and we hypothesize that the shocks are produced by different mass ejection episodes. Lines drawn from IRAS 04239+2436 to each of these clumps have different orientations on the plane of the sky, and we conclude that HH 300 is a precessing and episodic outflow. The observations include a map of the red lobe in the 12CO(2-1) line, with a beam size of 27'', and more extended maps of the outflow region in the 12CO(1-0) and 13CO(1-0) lines, with 45'' and 47'' beam sizes, respectively. We obtain a steep power-law mass spectrum for HH 300, which we believe is best explained by the evolution of the outflow mass kinematics. In addition, our 13CO observations show that the HH 300 flow has been able to redistribute (in space and velocity) considerable amounts of its surrounding medium-density gas.Comment: 37 pages, 11 figures Version with embedded full-resolution figures available at http://www-cfa.harvard.edu/sfgroup/ Accepted by The Astrophysical Journa

Bionic 3D printed corals

Funder: European Union Horizon 2020 schemeAbstract: Corals have evolved as optimized photon augmentation systems, leading to space-efficient microalgal growth and outstanding photosynthetic quantum efficiencies. Light attenuation due to algal self-shading is a key limiting factor for the upscaling of microalgal cultivation. Coral-inspired light management systems could overcome this limitation and facilitate scalable bioenergy and bioproduct generation. Here, we develop 3D printed bionic corals capable of growing microalgae with high spatial cell densities of up to 109 cells mL−1. The hybrid photosynthetic biomaterials are produced with a 3D bioprinting platform which mimics morphological features of living coral tissue and the underlying skeleton with micron resolution, including their optical and mechanical properties. The programmable synthetic microenvironment thus allows for replicating both structural and functional traits of the coral-algal symbiosis. Our work defines a class of bionic materials that is capable of interacting with living organisms and can be exploited for applied coral reef research and photobioreactor design

Bionic 3D printed corals

Funder: European Union Horizon 2020 schemeAbstract: Corals have evolved as optimized photon augmentation systems, leading to space-efficient microalgal growth and outstanding photosynthetic quantum efficiencies. Light attenuation due to algal self-shading is a key limiting factor for the upscaling of microalgal cultivation. Coral-inspired light management systems could overcome this limitation and facilitate scalable bioenergy and bioproduct generation. Here, we develop 3D printed bionic corals capable of growing microalgae with high spatial cell densities of up to 109 cells mL−1. The hybrid photosynthetic biomaterials are produced with a 3D bioprinting platform which mimics morphological features of living coral tissue and the underlying skeleton with micron resolution, including their optical and mechanical properties. The programmable synthetic microenvironment thus allows for replicating both structural and functional traits of the coral-algal symbiosis. Our work defines a class of bionic materials that is capable of interacting with living organisms and can be exploited for applied coral reef research and photobioreactor design

Bow shocks, Wiggling Jets, and Wide-Angle Winds: A High Resolution Study of the Entrainment Mechanism of the PV Ceph Molecular (CO) Outflow

We present a new set of high-resolution molecular line maps of the gas immediately surrounding various Herbig-Haro (HH) knots of the giant HH flow HH 315, from the young star PV Cephei. The observations, aimed at studying the entrainment mechanism of the 2.6 pc-long HH 315 flow, include IRAM 30m maps of the 12CO(2-1), 12CO(1-0), and 13CO(1-0) lines, with beam sizes of 11'', 21'', and 22'', respectively. We compare the morphology and the kinematics of the outflow gas, as well as the temperature and momentum distribution of the molecular outflow with those predicted by different entrainment models. With our detailed study we are able to conclude that jet bow shock entrainment by an episodic stellar wind, with a time-varying axis, produces most of the high-velocity molecular outflow observed far from the source. In addition, near PV Cephei we find evidence for a poorly collimated, wide-angle, molecular outflow and a collimated wiggling jet-like molecular outflow. We propose that the poorly collimated component is entrained by a wide-angle wind, and the collimated component is entrained by a variable jet with internal working surfaces. If this picture is true, then a stellar wind model which allows for the coexistence of a wide-angle component and a collimated (jet-like) stellar wind component is needed to explain the observed properties of the PV Ceph outflow. The wiggling axis of the redshifted molecular outflow lobe indicates that the outflow ejection axis is changing over time. We find that the time-scale of the axis variation shown by the molecular outflow lobe is about a factor of 10 less than that shown by the large-scale optical HH knots.Comment: 41 pages, including 7 tables. 18 figures included separately. Version with embedded full-resolution figures available at http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~harce/papers . Accepted by The Astrophysical Journa

Perspectives on Continental Rifting Processes From Spatiotemporal Patterns of Faulting and Magmatism in the Rio Grande Rift, USA

Analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of faulting and magmatism in the Rio Grande rift (RGR) in New Mexico and Colorado, USA, yields insights into continental rift processes, extension accommodation mechanisms, and rift evolution models. We combine new apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He and zircon (U‐Th)/He thermochronometric data with previously published thermochronometric data to assess the timing of fault initiation, magnitudes of fault exhumation, and growth and linkage patterns of rift faults. Thermal history modeling of these data reveals contemporaneous rift initiation at ca. 25 Ma in both the northern and southern RGR with continued fault initiation, growth, and linkage progressing from ca. 25 to ca. 15 Ma. The central RGR, however, shows no evidence of Cenozoic fault‐related exhumation as observed with thermochronometry and instead reveals extension accommodated through Late Cenozoic magmatic injection. Furthermore, faulting in the northern and southern RGR occurs along an approximately north‐south strike, whereas magmatism in the central RGR occurs along the northeast to southwest trending Jemez lineament. Differences in deformation orientation and rift accommodation along strike appear to be related to crustal and lithospheric properties, suggesting that rift structure and geometry are at least partly controlled by inherited lithospheric‐scale architecture. We propose an evolutionary model for the RGR that involves initiation of fault‐accommodated extension by oblique strain followed by block rotation of the Colorado Plateau, where extension in the RGR is accommodated by faulting (southern and northern RGR) and magmatism (central RGR). This study highlights different processes related to initiation, geometry, extension accommodation, and overall development of continental rifts.Plain Language SummaryWe identify patterns of faulting and volcanism in the Rio Grande rift (RGR) in the western United States to better understand how continental rifts evolve. Using methods for documenting rock cooling ages (thermochronology), we determined that rifting began around 25 million years ago (Ma) in both the northern and southern RGR. Rift faults continued to develop and grow for another 10 to 15 million years. The central RGR, however, shows that rift extension occurred through volcanic activity both as eruptions at the surface and as magma injection below the surface since ~15 Ma. Interestingly, RGR faulting in the north and south parts of the rift occurs on a north‐south line, while volcanism in the central RGR is along a northeast to southwest line. The differences in the location and orientation of faulting and volcanic activity may be related to the thickness of the lithosphere beneath different parts of the rift. Using these patterns of faulting and magmatism, we propose the RGR evolved through a combination of (1) oblique strain—extension diagonal to the rift and (2) block rotation—where the Colorado Plateau is the rotating block. This detailed study highlights different processes related to the accommodation of extension and the overall development of continental rifts.Key PointsInitiation of the Rio Grande rift appears to be synchronous ~25 Ma and does not support a northward propagation modelExtension is accommodated by faulting in the northern and southern Rio Grande rift and by magmatic injection in the central Rio Grande riftDifferent rift accommodation mechanisms may be controlled by preexisting weaknesses and lithospheric properties (i.e., thickness)Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152704/1/tect21226.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152704/2/wrcr21226-sup-00001-2019TC005635-SI.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152704/3/tect21226_am.pd

Structural insights into TAZ2 domain-mediated CBP/p300 recruitment by transactivation domain 1 of the lymphopoietic transcription factor E2A.

The E-protein transcription factors guide immune cell differentiation, with E12 and E47 (hereafter called E2A) being essential for B-cell specification and maturation. E2A and the oncogenic chimera E2A-PBX1 contain three transactivation domains (ADs), with AD1 and AD2 having redundant, independent, and cooperative functions in a cell-dependent manner. AD1 and AD2 both mediate their functions by binding to the KIX domain of the histone acetyltransferase paralogues CREB-binding protein (CBP) and E1A-binding protein P300 (p300). This interaction is necessary for B-cell maturation and oncogenesis by E2A-PBX1 and occurs through conserved ϕ-x-x-ϕ-ϕ motifs (with ϕ denoting a hydrophobic amino acid) in AD1 and AD2. However, disruption of this interaction via mutation of the KIX domain in CBP/p300 does not completely abrogate binding of E2A and E2APBX1. Here, we determined that E2A-AD1 and E2A-AD2 also interact with the TAZ2 domain of CBP/p300. Characterization of the TAZ2:E2AAD1(1-37) complex indicated that E2A-AD1 adopts an α-helical structure and uses its ϕ-x-x-ϕ-ϕ motif to bind TAZ2. While this region overlapped with the KIX recognition region, key KIX-interacting E2A-AD1 residues were exposed, suggesting that E2A-AD1 could simultaneously bind both the KIX and TAZ2 domains. However, we did not detect a ternary complex involving E2A-AD1, KIX, and TAZ2 and found that E2A containing both intact AD1 and AD2 is required to bind to CBP/p300. Our findings highlight the structural plasticity and promiscuity of E2A-AD1 and suggest that E2A binds both the TAZ2 and KIX domains of CBP/p300 through AD1 and AD2

Reduced-intensity Transplantation For Lymphomas Using Haploidentical Related Donors Versus Hla-matched Sibling Donors: A Center For International Blood And Marrow Transplant Research Analysis

Purpose: Related donor haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (Haplo-HCT) using post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) is increasingly used in patients lacking HLA-matched sibling donors (MSD). We compared outcomes after Haplo-HCT using PT-Cy with MSD-HCT in patients with lymphoma, using the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research registry. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 987 adult patients undergoing either Haplo-HCT (n = 180) or MSD-HCT (n = 807) following reduced-intensity conditioning regimens. The haploidentical group received graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with PT-Cy with or without a calcineurin inhibitor and mycophenolate. The MSD group received calcineurin inhibitor-based GVHD prophylaxis. Results: Median follow-up of survivors was 3 years. The 28-day neutrophil recovery was similar in the two groups (95% v 97%; P = .31). The 28-day platelet recovery was delayed in the haploidentical group compared with the MSD group (63% v 91%; P = .001). Cumulative incidence of grade II to IV acute GVHD at day 100 was similar between the two groups (27% v 25%; P = .84). Cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD at 1 year was significantly lower after Haplo-HCT (12% v 45%; P < .001), and this benefit was confirmed on multivariate analysis (relative risk, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.31; P < .001). For Haplo-HCT v MSD-HCT, 3-year rates of nonrelapse mortality (15% v 13%; P = .41), relapse/progression (37% v 40%; P = .51), progression-free survival (48% v 48%; P = .96), and overall survival (61% v 62%; P = .82) were similar. Multivariate analysis showed no significant difference between Haplo-HCT and MSD-HCT in terms of nonrelapse mortality (P = .06), progression/relapse (P = .10), progression-free survival (P = .83), and overall survival (P = .34). Conclusion: Haplo-HCT with PT-Cy provides survival outcomes comparable to MSD-HCT, with a significantly lower risk of chronic GVHD