FLOATING RANITIDINE MICROPARTICULATES: DEVELOPMENT AND IN VITRO EVALUATION

Objective: Rapid and inconsistent gastrointestinal tract (GIT) transit could result in reduced drug efficiency and the need for frequent dose administration, which usually result in patients' incompliance. Ranitidine hydrochloride (RH), as a model drug is freely soluble, moisture sensitive drug with a short biological half-life (~2.5-3 h) and narrow absorption window in the initial part of the small intestine. The present study aimed to develop ranitidine floating multi-particulates (RFM) using melt granulation technique and investigation of the effect of lipids and additives on the physicochemical properties. Methods: RFM were prepared using Compritol® 888 ATO, glyceryl behenate, Cutina® HR, Cutina® GMS, hydrogenated castor oil, glyceryl monostearate, and beeswax as lipids and ethyl cellulose, Povidone® K 90 and Aerosil® 200 as release modifiers. The effect of the preparation method and additives, as well as storage for 6 mo at 40 °C, on floating and release characteristics were evaluated. Results: Size distribution indicated that the prepared formulations exhibited reasonably small floating micro particulates; more than 90% of the prepared microparticles were less than 710 µm. Hausner ratios and Carr's compressibility indices ranged from 1.17 to 1.29% and 14.54 to 22.4 %, respectively, and the angle of repose values was ≤40 °, indicating good flow properties. RFM containing Compritol® showed a relatively higher release properties compared to hydrogenated castor oil. Increasing the proportion of the fatty component was accompanied by retardation in RH release. The tested additives (PVP, ethyl cellulose, Aerosil®) resulted in different degrees of retardation of drug release. The percent-floating of RFM was almost 100% in all formulations with the exception of formulations prepared using glyceryl monostearate. FT-IR and DSC studies indicated the compatibility of the excipients with RH. Stability results revealed an insignificant change in RFM properties over 6 mo. Conclusion: The prepared microparticles exhibited optimum particle size, good compressibility, and flow properties. RFM containing Compritol® showed a relatively higher release properties compared to hydrogenated castor oil. Increasing the proportion of the fatty component was accompanied by retardation in RH release. The percent-floating of RFM was almost 100% in most formulations. FT-IR and DSC indicated good compatibility of the excipients with RH and insignificant change in RFM properties over 6 mo's storage

The Optimization of Microbus-Based Public Transportation Facilities in Jayapura City

Public transport services will work well if there is a balance between supply and demand. The research aimed to analyze the performance and the needs for the number of public transportation facilities based on the microbuses in Jayapura City. The types of the public transports, which would be discussed, were the microbuses which operated in 12 routes of the total routes of 26 in Jayapura city; those were B1, B2, B3, B4, J1, J2, K, I1, E, G, IA and I. The analyses of the performance and the demand for number of public transports were analyzed based on the load factor and the break event in accordance with the value of the vehicles operating costs (BOK) in setting tariffs. The research results indicated that the standard performance value of the public transport route code of K, I1, G, IA were categorized as less, while the routes of B1, B2, B3, B4, J1, J2, E and IB were categorized as medium. The microbuses demand was only 50% of the total microbuses now operating in Jayapura city

Windbreak-Grown Casuarina and Eucalyptus Trees for Unbleached Kraft Pulp

A laboratory-scale evaluation was conducted of juvenile windbreak-grown Casuarina and Eucalyptus trees for kraft pulp production. Test results of unscreened pulp yields, pulp chemical analyses, and handsheet physical properties indicated that windbreak-grown materials are suitable for unbleached kraft pulp. Casuarina gave the best pulp yield and had higher tear strength than Eucalyptus, but both species were superior to kraft pulps from agricultural raw materials such as rice straw and Thymelia, which are currently used in Egypt. For both species, the best kraft pulping schedule tested was a 4:1 liquor-to-wood ratio with 20% active alkali with additional conditions constant. Scanning electron micrographs of handsheets helped explain the observed differences in physical properties between the two species. Mixing of Casuarina and Eucalyptus raw material prior to pulping shows promise for unbleached kraft pulp production

Izrada i značajke tankih polikristaliničnih hetero-spojeva n-Cd0.9Zn0.1S/p-CuGa0.3In0.7Se2

CuGa0.3In0.7Se2 polycrystalline thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation under vacuum of about 10-4Pa, with a deposition rate of about 200 nm/min. The selenization of these films at 723 K improves their properties. The activation energy as well as the optical energy gap of the investigated samples decreased with annealing and selenization. Polycrystalline thin film n-Cd0.9Zn0.1S/p-CuGa0.3In0.7Se2 heterojunctions were fabricated and the current density - voltage and capacitance - voltage characteristics of the junction were studied. The heterojunctions were exposed to light, and under illumination of 1000 mWcm-2, the open circuit voltage was 580 mV, the short circuit current density 4.8 mAcm-2, the fill factor 0.682 and the electrical conversion efficiency was 1.898% for cells of active area of 1 cm2.Tanke polikristalinične slojeve CuGa0.3In0.7Se2 pripremali smo naparavanjem u vakuumu oko 10−4 Pa, brzinom polaganja oko 200 nm/min. Seleniranje tih slojeva na 723 K poboljšava im svojstva. Aktivacijska energija i optički energijski procijep smanjuju se opuštanjem i seleniranjem. Pripremali smo i polikristalinične tankoslojne hetero-spojeve n-Cd0.9Zn0.1S/p-CuGa0.3In0.7Se2 i proučavali njihova značajke: gustoća struje – napon i kapacitet – napon. Ćelije ploštine 1 cm2 heterospojeva osvijetlili smo svjetlošću jakosti 1000 mW/cm2 i izmjerili napon otvorenog kruga od 580 mV, gustoću struje kratkog spoja 4.8 mAcm−2 , faktor punjenja 0.682 i učinkovitost pretvorbe 1.898%

Izrada i značajke tankih polikristaliničnih hetero-spojeva n-Cd0.9Zn0.1S/p-CuGa0.3In0.7Se2

CuGa0.3In0.7Se2 polycrystalline thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation under vacuum of about 10-4Pa, with a deposition rate of about 200 nm/min. The selenization of these films at 723 K improves their properties. The activation energy as well as the optical energy gap of the investigated samples decreased with annealing and selenization. Polycrystalline thin film n-Cd0.9Zn0.1S/p-CuGa0.3In0.7Se2 heterojunctions were fabricated and the current density - voltage and capacitance - voltage characteristics of the junction were studied. The heterojunctions were exposed to light, and under illumination of 1000 mWcm-2, the open circuit voltage was 580 mV, the short circuit current density 4.8 mAcm-2, the fill factor 0.682 and the electrical conversion efficiency was 1.898% for cells of active area of 1 cm2.Tanke polikristalinične slojeve CuGa0.3In0.7Se2 pripremali smo naparavanjem u vakuumu oko 10−4 Pa, brzinom polaganja oko 200 nm/min. Seleniranje tih slojeva na 723 K poboljšava im svojstva. Aktivacijska energija i optički energijski procijep smanjuju se opuštanjem i seleniranjem. Pripremali smo i polikristalinične tankoslojne hetero-spojeve n-Cd0.9Zn0.1S/p-CuGa0.3In0.7Se2 i proučavali njihova značajke: gustoća struje – napon i kapacitet – napon. Ćelije ploštine 1 cm2 heterospojeva osvijetlili smo svjetlošću jakosti 1000 mW/cm2 i izmjerili napon otvorenog kruga od 580 mV, gustoću struje kratkog spoja 4.8 mAcm−2 , faktor punjenja 0.682 i učinkovitost pretvorbe 1.898%

Perancangan Galeri Klub Sepakbola Arema Di Malang Dengan Metode Programatik Dan Semantik

Perkembangan sepakbola kian tahun makin berubah menjadi sebuah pertunjukan yang menghibur masyarakat umum. Saat ini, sepakbola dapat masuk ke setiap sisi sosial masyarakat mulai dari sosial tingkat bawah sampai tingkat atas. Karena begitu popular, olahraga sepak bola kini berkembang menjadi sebuah industri olahraga yang bertujuan komersial. Seperti yang telah diatur dalam Peraturan Mendagri, bahwa dana hibah APBD tidak dapat dialirkan langsung ke klub sepak bola di Indonesia. Sumber pendapatan klub yang dapat diperoleh dari luar klub adalah hak siar televisi, investor (football trust), dan sponsor. Sedangkan sumber dana yang berasal dari dalam klub sendiri yaitu penjualan tiket, merchandise, suporter, makanan dan supermarket. Saat ini belum ada pemusatan bisnis (industrialisasi) yang dilakukan oleh Arema sebagai klub professional. Galeri sebagai pusat income internal dari klub sepakbola Arema yang akan dirancang sesuai dengan permasalahan yang ada dengan memusatkan beberapa aspek pendapatan internal klub Arema. Perancangan Galeri Klub Sepakbola Arema di Malang ini menggunakan metode programatik, yaitu metode analisis terhadap data-data yang ada untuk menghasilkan sintesa atau keputusan, yaitu konsep perencanaan (planning). Konsep perencanaan tersebut menjadi bahan utama yang akan ditransformasi secara skematik menjadi konsep perancangan (designing). Metode yang akan diterapkan adalah Semantik Referensi dan Semantik Ekspresi untuk merancang tampilan bangunan yang mengidentitaskan (bermakna) persepakbolaan

Rectal impalement injury through the pelvis, abdomen and thorax

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Color Doppler US and tri-phasic CT in differentiating benign from malignant portal vein thrombosis (PVT)

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the efficacy of color Doppler US and tri-phasic CT in discriminating benign from malignant PVT. Patients and methods: This study included 30 patients presented ultrasonically with PVT and referred for color Doppler US and Tri-phasic CT examination for discriminating the benign from malignant PVT. The color Doppler US and tri-phasic CT results were compared and correlated with available histopathological results in the patients who had FNAC. Results: Those 30 patients were classified according to US, Tri-phasic CT, lab., findings into two groups: G.(A) included 16 patients with malignant PVT and G.(B) included 14 patients with benign PVT. Intrathrombus pulsatile flow was depicted in 12 patients with malignant PVT (12/16) (75%), while non-depicted in 14 patients with benign PVT with 100% specificity. On tri-phasic CT, neovascularity and an early arterial enhancement of PVT were depicted in 14 cases with malignant PVT with 87.5% sensitivity and non-depicted in 14 benign cases with PVT with 100% specificity. Conclusion: Distinguishing benign from malignant PVT in patients with HCC is required to determine the management plan. The color Doppler study of PVT should be an essential step in evaluation of patients with HCC. The combination of Color Doppler US and tri-phasic CT is common and essential for more accurate evaluation and differentiation of benign from malignant PVT

Melatonin treatment for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy

OBJECTIVES: This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows:. To assess the effects and safety of melatonin compared to standard care, including therapeutic hypothermia, for improving survival and reducing neurological sequelae in newborns with neonatal encephalopathy