A century of research: what have we learned about the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with host cells?

Since the discovery of Trypanosoma cruzi and the brilliant description of the then-referred to "new tripanosomiasis" by Carlos Chagas 100 years ago, a great deal of scientific effort and curiosity has been devoted to understanding how this parasite invades and colonises mammalian host cells. This is a key step in the survival of the parasite within the vertebrate host, and although much has been learned over this century, differences in strains or isolates used by different laboratories may have led to conclusions that are not as universal as originally interpreted. Molecular genotyping of the CL-Brener clone confirmed a genetic heterogeneity in the parasite that had been detected previously by other techniques, including zymodeme or schizodeme (kDNA) analysis. T. cruzi can be grouped into at least two major phylogenetic lineages: T. cruzi I, mostly associated with the sylvatic cycle and T. cruzi II, linked to human disease; however, a third lineage, T. cruziIII, has also been proposed. Hybrid isolates, such as the CL-Brener clone, which was chosen for sequencing the genome of the parasite (Elias et al. 2005, El Sayed et al. 2005a), have also been identified. The parasite must be able to invade cells in the mammalian host, and many studies have implicated the flagellated trypomastigotes as the main actor in this process. Several surface components of parasites and some of the host cell receptors with which they interact have been described. Herein, we have attempted to identify milestones in the history of understanding T. cruzi- host cell interactions. Different infective forms of T. cruzi have displayed unexpected requirements for the parasite to attach to the host cell, enter it, and translocate between the parasitophorous vacuole to its final cytoplasmic destination. It is noteworthy that some of the mechanisms originally proposed to be broad in function turned out not to be universal, and multiple interactions involving different repertoires of molecules seem to act in concert to give rise to a rather complex interplay of signalling cascades involving both parasite and cellular components.CNPqCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)FAPESPFINE

Selection of binding targets in parasites using phage-display and aptamer libraries in vivo and in vitro

Parasite infections are largely dependent on interactions between pathogen and different host cell populations to guarantee a successful infectious process. This is particularly true for obligatory intracellular parasites as Plasmodium, Toxoplasrna, and Leishmania, to name a few. Adhesion to and entry into the cell are essential steps requiring specific parasite and host cell molecules. the large amount of possible involved molecules poses additional difficulties for their identification by the classical biochemical approaches. in this respect, the search for alternative techniques should be pursued. Among them two powerful methodologies can be employed, both relying upon the construction of highly diverse combinatorial libraries of peptides or oligonucleotides that randomly bind with high affinity to targets on the cell surface and are selectively displaced by putative ligands. These are, respectively, the peptide-based phage display and the oligonucleotide-based aptamer techniques. the phage display technique has been extensively employed for the identification of novel ligands in vitro and in vivo in different areas such as cancer, vaccine development, and epitope mapping. Particularly, phage display has been employed in the investigation of pathogen host interactions. Although this methodology has been used for some parasites with encouraging results, in trypanosomatids its use is, as yet, scanty. RNA and DNA aptamers, developed by the SELEX process (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment), were described over two decades ago and since then contributed to a large number of structured nucleic acids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes or for the understanding of the cell biology. Similarly to the phage display technique scarce use of the SELEX process has been used in the probing of parasite host interaction. in this review, an overall survey on the use of both phage display and aptamer technologies in different pathogenic organisms will be discussed. Using these techniques, recent results on the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with the host will be highlighted focusing on members of the 85 kDa protein family, a subset of the gp85/TS superfamily.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Biol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Inst Quim, Dept Bioquim, BR-05508900 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Biol, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: FAPESP 2010/15042-2FAPESP: FAPESP 2009/52646-6Web of Scienc

1,4-Diamino-2-butanone, a wide-spectrum microbicide, yields reactive species by metal-catalyzed oxidation

The alpha-aminoketone 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (DAB), a putrescine analogue, is highly toxic to various microorganisms, including Trypanosoma cruzi. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying DAB's cytotoxic properties. We report here that DAB (pK(a) 7.5 and 9.5) undergoes aerobic oxidation in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37 degrees C, catalyzed by Fe(II) and Cu(II) ions yielding NH(4)(+) ion, H(2)O(2), and 4-amino-2-oxobutanal (oxoDAB). OxoDAB, like methylglyoxal and other alpha-oxoaldehydes, is expected to cause protein aggregation and nucleobase lesions. Propagation of DAB oxidation by superoxide radical was confirmed by the inhibitory effect of added SOD (50 U ml(-1)) and stimulatory effect of xanthine/xanthine oxidase, a source of superoxide radical. EPR spin trapping studies with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO) revealed an adduct attributable to DMPO-HO(center dot), and those with alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone or 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonic acid, a six-line adduct assignable to a DAB(center dot) resonant enoyl radical adduct. Added horse spleen ferritin (HoSF) and bovine apo-transferrin underwent oxidative changes in tryptophan residues in the presence of 1.0-10 mM DAB. Iron release from HoSF was observed as well. Assays performed with fluorescein-encapsulated liposomes of cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine (20:80) incubated with DAB resulted in extensive lipid peroxidation and consequent vesicle permeabilization. DAB (0-10 mM) administration to cultured LLC-MK2 epithelial cells caused a decline in cell viability, which was inhibited by preaddition of either catalase (4.5 mu M) or aminoguanidine (25 mM). Our findings support the hypothesis that DAB toxicity to several pathogenic microorganisms previously described may involve not only reported inhibition of polyamine metabolism but also DAB pro-oxidant activity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)INCT Processos Redox em Biomedicina-RedoxomaUniv São Paulo, Inst Quim, Dept Bioquim, BR-05508900 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Inst Ciencias Ambientais Quim & Farmaceut, Dept Ciencias Exatas & Terra, Diadema, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Inst Ciencias Ambientais Quim & Farmaceut, Dept Ciencias Exatas & Terra, Diadema, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Scaffold proteins LACK and TRACK as potential drug targets in kinetoplastid parasites: Development of inhibitors

Parasitic diseases cause similar to 500,000 deaths annually and remain a major challenge for therapeutic development. Using a rational design based approach, we developed peptide inhibitors with anti-parasitic activity that were derived from the sequences of parasite scaffold proteins LACK (Leishmania's receptor for activated C-kinase) and TRACK (Trypanosoma receptor for activated C-kinase). We hypothesized that sequences in LACK and TRACK that are conserved in the parasites, but not in the mammalian ortholog, RACK (Receptor for activated C-kinase), may be interaction sites for signaling proteins that are critical for the parasites' viability. One of these peptides exhibited leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activity in culture. Moreover, in infected mice, this peptide was also effective in reducing parasitemia and increasing survival without toxic effects. The identified peptide is a promising new anti-parasitic drug lead, as its unique features may limit toxicity and drug-resistance, thus overcoming central limitations of most anti-parasitic drugs. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.National Institutes of HealthStanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Chem & Syst Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USAUniv Sao Paulo, Inst Quim, Dept Bioquim, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilMcGill Univ, Res Inst, Natl Reference Ctr Parasitol, Montreal, PQ, CanadaUniv Autonoma Yucatan, Ctr Invest Reg Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Parasitol Lab, Merida, Yucatan, MexicoStanford Univ, Biomat & Adv Drug Delivery Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USAUniv Estadual Campinas, Inst Chem, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Ciencias Biol, Campus Diadema, Sao Paulo, BrazilMcGill Univ, Inst Parasitol, Quebec City, PQ, CanadaMcGill Univ, Ctr Host Parasite Interact, Quebec City, PQ, CanadaUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Ciencias Biol, Campus Diadema, Sao Paulo, BrazilNIH: TW008781-01C-IDEANIH: AI078505Web of Scienc

Isolation and purification of glycoproteins from Trypanosoma cruzi (epimastigotes)

Forma epimastigotas de T. cruzi são aglutinadas especificamente por baixas concentrações de concanavalina A. A aglutinação é linear com o tempo até aproximadamente10 minutos, para um número de células maior que 1 x 108 células/ml. Nessas condições a aglutinação é dependente da concentração de con A. As formas tripomastigotas sanguícolas e matecíclicas não são aglutináveis por con A. O complexo glicoproteico isolado de formas epimastigotas de T. cruzi por tratramentofenólico de extrato celular, apresenta na sua composição ácida siálico, glicosamina, galactose, glicose e manose, além de xilose em algumas frações. Os aminoácidos constituintes são principalmente lisina, ácido aspártico (e/ou asparagina), alanina, treonina, ácido glutâmico (e/ou glutamina). serina, prolina e glicina. Esse complexo pode ser separado em três componentes em colunas de DEAE-celulose. Dois desses componentes, selecionados para estudo, inibem a reação de aglutinação por con A das formas epimastigotas, assim como a fração não cromatografada. Essas frações isoladas fornecem quatro componentes glicoproteicos por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida na presença de SDS.Epimastigote forms of T. cruzi are agglutinated by low con A concentrations. The agglutinabillity is linear up to 10 minutes. Under these conditions the agglutination is dependent on the con A concentration providing the cell density is 108/ml or higher. The blood forms and culture trypomastigotes are not agglutinated by con A. A glycoprotein complex was isolated from epimastigote forms of T. cruzi by aqueous phenol extraction. This complex is composed by sialic acid, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose. The latter appears only in some fractions of the complex. The amino acids found are lysine, aspartic acid (and/or asparagine), alanine, threonine, glutamic acid (and/or glutamine), serine, proline and glycine. The glycoproteins render three components in DEAE-cellulose columns (peaks 1, 2 and 3). The peaks 2 and 3 are able to inhibit the agglutination of epimastigotes by con A. These fractions are separated in four glycoprotein components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS

Isolation and purification of glycoproteins from Trypanosoma cruzi (epimastigotes)

Forma epimastigotas de T. cruzi são aglutinadas especificamente por baixas concentrações de concanavalina A. A aglutinação é linear com o tempo até aproximadamente10 minutos, para um número de células maior que 1 x 108 células/ml. Nessas condições a aglutinação é dependente da concentração de con A. As formas tripomastigotas sanguícolas e matecíclicas não são aglutináveis por con A. O complexo glicoproteico isolado de formas epimastigotas de T. cruzi por tratramentofenólico de extrato celular, apresenta na sua composição ácida siálico, glicosamina, galactose, glicose e manose, além de xilose em algumas frações. Os aminoácidos constituintes são principalmente lisina, ácido aspártico (e/ou asparagina), alanina, treonina, ácido glutâmico (e/ou glutamina). serina, prolina e glicina. Esse complexo pode ser separado em três componentes em colunas de DEAE-celulose. Dois desses componentes, selecionados para estudo, inibem a reação de aglutinação por con A das formas epimastigotas, assim como a fração não cromatografada. Essas frações isoladas fornecem quatro componentes glicoproteicos por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida na presença de SDS.Epimastigote forms of T. cruzi are agglutinated by low con A concentrations. The agglutinabillity is linear up to 10 minutes. Under these conditions the agglutination is dependent on the con A concentration providing the cell density is 108/ml or higher. The blood forms and culture trypomastigotes are not agglutinated by con A. A glycoprotein complex was isolated from epimastigote forms of T. cruzi by aqueous phenol extraction. This complex is composed by sialic acid, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose. The latter appears only in some fractions of the complex. The amino acids found are lysine, aspartic acid (and/or asparagine), alanine, threonine, glutamic acid (and/or glutamine), serine, proline and glycine. The glycoproteins render three components in DEAE-cellulose columns (peaks 1, 2 and 3). The peaks 2 and 3 are able to inhibit the agglutination of epimastigotes by con A. These fractions are separated in four glycoprotein components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS

1,4-Diamino-2-butanone, a Wide-spectrum Microbicide, Yields Reactive Species by Metal-catalyzed Oxidation

Univ São Paulo, BR-05508 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

1,4-Diamino-2-butanone, a putrescine analogue, promotes redox imbalance in Trypanosoma cruzi and mammalian cells

The putrescine analogue 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (DAB) is highly toxic to various microorganisms, including Trypanosoma cruzi. Similar to other a-aminocarbonyl metabolites. DAB exhibits pro-oxidant properties. DAB undergoes metal-catalyzed oxidation yielding H2O2, NH4+ ion, and a highly toxic alpha-oxoaldehyde. In vitro. DAB decreases mammalian cell viability associated with changes in redox balance. Here, we aim to clarify the DAB pro-oxidant effects on trypomastigotes and on intracellular T. cruzi amastigotes. DAB (0.05-5 mM) exposure in trypomastigotes, the infective stage of T. cruzi, leads to a decline in parasite viability (IC50 c.a. 0.2 mM DAB; 4 h incubation), changes in morphology, thiol redox imbalance, and increased TcSOD activity. Medium supplementation with catalase (2.5 mu M) protects trypomastigotes against DAB toxicity, while host cell invasion by trypomastigotes is hampered by DAB. Additionally, intracellular amastigotes are susceptible to DAB toxicity. Furthermore, pre-treatment with 100-500 mu M buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) of LLC-MK2 potentiates DAB cytotoxicity, whereas 5 mM N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) protects cells from oxidative stress. Together, these data support the hypothesis that redox imbalance contributes to DAB cytotoxicity in both T. cruzi and mammalian host cells. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)INCT Processos Redox em Biomedicina RedoxomaINCT Processos Redox em Biomedicina - Redoxom

Vesicles as carriers of virulence factors in parasitic protozoan diseases

Different types of shed vesicles as, for example, exosomes, plasma-membrane-derived vesicles or microparticles, are the focus of intense research in view of their potential role in cell cell communication and under the perspective that they might be good tools for immunotherapy, vaccination or diagnostic purposes. This review discusses ways employed by pathogenic trypanosomatids to interact with the host by shedding vesicles that contain molecules important for the establishment of infection, as opposed to previous beliefs considering them as a waste of cellular metabolism. Trypanosomatids are compared with Apicomplexa, which circulate parasite antigens bound to vesicles shed by host cells. The knowledge of the origin and chemical composition of these different vesicles might lead to the understanding of the mechanisms that determine their biological function. (C) 2012 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq