Health status impacts on individual earnings in Brazil

The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of health conditions on the earnings of Brazilians. We have identified three ways through which health conditions affect workers’ earnings: labor force participation, hourly wages and weekly hours worked. A measure of the welfare reduction due to poor health conditions was created by aggregating individual losses. Individuals are classified as sick or healthy according to two criteria. Firstly, the clinical criterion which is based on the presence of chronic diseases or problems with physical mobility. Secondly, the subjective criterion which is based on the health self-assessment. Each Brazilian individual loses from R$6.30 to R$16.89 per week depending on individual characteristics. In relative terms these aggregated losses represent from 1.5% to 4.7% of the Brazilian GDP. The data base used in this work were PNAD/1998 (the Brazilian national household survey). In 1998, PNAD had an additional survey about health.

Conditions for Equality between Lyapunov and Morse Decompositions

Let $Q\rightarrow X$ be a continuous principal bundle whose group $G$ is reductive. A flow $\phi$ of automorphisms of $Q$ endowed with an ergodic probability measure on the compact base space $X$ induces two decompositions of the flag bundles associated to $Q$. A continuous one given by the finest Morse decomposition and a measurable one furnished by the Multiplicative Ergodic Theorem. The second is contained in the first. In this paper we find necessary and sufficient conditions so that they coincide. The equality between the two decompositions implies continuity of the Lyapunov spectra under pertubations leaving unchanged the flow on the base space

“Many of us are rare”: the right to health and the moral economy of rare diseases activism in Brazil (1990-2020)

This article discusses the different meanings attributed to the right to health in the mobilizations to guarantee care for rare disease patients in Brazil. Since the early 1990s, rare disease patient family associations have been putting agendas to the public authorities, with demands ranging from the recognition of diseases to the development of research and diagnostic tests. The trajectory of the mobilizations to guarantee care for rare disease patients is part of a broader process of social articulation around the possibilities and limits of the Brazilian National Health System. The right to health is at the center of this process, being the Subject of varied debates and interpretations in the political, health, and legal arenas, involving arguments guided by scientific evidence, legal principles, and moral values. We argue that these variations in the directions of the right to health have involved concomitant processes of strengthening networks of rare disease actors and institutions, and of maturing the healthcare system, both converging towards the establishment of a “moral economy of rare disease patients”. This moral economy is centered on the idea that the public health relevance of these diseases cannot be identified by epidemiological evidence, but rather by individual and family experience. We used a wide scope of documentation: texts from newspapers and magazines widely circulated in the country, legislative material, publications in specialized journals, and website materials from rare disease patient organizations in Brazil

"Many of us are rare" : the right to health and the moral economy of rare diseases activism in Brazil (1990-2020)

This article discusses the different meanings attributed to the right to health in the mobilizations to guarantee care for rare disease patients in Brazil. Since the early 1990s, rare disease patient family associations have been putting agendas to the public authorities, with demands ranging from the recognition of diseases to the development of research and diagnostic tests. The trajectory of the mobilizations to guarantee care for rare disease patients is part of a broader process of social articulation around the possibilities and limits of the Brazilian National Health System. The right to health is at the center of this process, being the Subject of varied debates and interpretations in the political, health, and legal arenas, involving arguments guided by scientific evidence, legal principles, and moral values. We argue that these variations in the directions of the right to health have involved concomitant processes of strengthening networks of rare disease actors and institutions, and of maturing the health care system, both converging towards the establishment of a "moral economy of rare disease patients". This moral economy is centered on the idea that the public health relevance of these diseases cannot be identified by epidemiological evidence, but rather by individual and family experience. We used a wide scope of documentation: texts from newspapers and magazines widely circulated in the country, legislative material, publications in specialized journals, and website materials from rare disease patient organizations in Brazil.This article discusses the different meanings attributed to the right to health in the mobilizations to guarantee care for rare disease patients in Brazil. Since the early 1990s, rare disease patient family associations have been putting agendas to the public authorities, with demands ranging from the recognition of diseases to the development of research and diagnostic tests. The trajectory of the mobilizations to guarantee care for rare disease patients is part of a broader process of social articulation around the possibilities and limits of the Brazilian National Health System. The right to health is at the center of this process, being the Subject of varied debates and interpretations in the political, health, and legal arenas, involving arguments guided by scientific evidence, legal principles, and moral values. We argue that these variations in the directions of the right to health have involved concomitant processes of strengthening networks of rare disease actors and institutions, and of maturing the healthcare system, both converging towards the establishment of a "moral economy of rare disease patients". This moral economy is centered on the idea that the public health relevance of these diseases cannot be identified by epidemiological evidence, but rather by individual and family experience. We used a wide scope of documentation: texts from newspapers and magazines widely circulated in the country, legislative material, publications in specialized journals, and website materials from rare disease patient organizations in Brazil

RISCOS E BENEFÍCIOS NA UTILIZAÇÃO DE RECURSOS DO PRONAF DE 1998 A 2005: UMA PROPOSTA DE UM PROGRAMA DE GARANTIA DE RENDA

O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi determinar os riscos inerentes à utilização de recursos do PRONAF, com a proposta da associação de um Programa de Garantia de Renda, na oferta, nos preços e na renda auferida pelos produtores de arroz e feijão entre os anos 1998 a 2005. A metodologia utilizada foi a de Newbery & Stiglitz, que considera o caráter de aversão ao risco e apresenta as vantagens de ser adaptada à análise que envolve contratações de operações financeiras de crédito e fornece o prêmio de risco. Os resultados indicam que os agricultores familiares obteriam ganhos de renda, em média, 40,58% e 146,29%, aumento médio nos preços recebidos de 24,66% e 71,78%e aumento médio na produção de 9,79% e 27,28%, enquanto os consumidores seriam beneficiados pela redução média nos preços de 36,26% e 80,22%, com relação aos produtos arroz e feijão, respectivamente. Quanto aos custos da PGR,verificou-se que, no último período analisado (2005), o custo total era de R$4.608 milhões, enquanto o custo social era de R$ 517,349 milhões, representando, em termos percentuais, 11,2% do custo total da política de garantia de renda.-------------------------------------------In this study we evaluate potential impacts of an income guaranty program that could be established as alternative use for funds from Brazil’s National Family Agriculture Strengthening Program (PRONAF). Using Newbery and Stiglitz methodology, we analyze the effect of PGR upon the incomes of rice and bean producers between of 1998 to 2005 and on the supplies and prices of these commodities. This methodology is well adapted to our study, as we include an analysis of risk-aversion and credit financed capital investment. Our results show that family farmers producing rice and beans would obtain income gains on average of 40% and 146%, for their respective crops. The income gains arise from an increase in the average prices received of 24% and 71%, and an increase in the average production of 9% and 27%. The results also show that consumers would be benefited by a resultant reduction in these commodities average prices: 36% less for rice and 80% less for beans. It is found that over the last analyzed year, 2005, the total cost of PGR would have been R$4,608 million while the social cost would have been R$ 517.349 million, or 11.2% of the total Income Guaranty Program’s total cost.crédito rural, política de garantia de renda e agricultores familiares, Rural credit, Income Guaranty Program, Family Farmers, Agricultural Finance,

Scaling laws in the dynamics of crime growth rate

The increasing number of crimes in areas with large concentrations of people have made cities one of the main sources of violence. Understanding characteristics of how crime rate expands and its relations with the cities size goes beyond an academic question, being a central issue for contemporary society. Here, we characterize and analyze quantitative aspects of murders in the period from 1980 to 2009 in Brazilian cities. We find that the distribution of the annual, biannual and triannual logarithmic homicide growth rates exhibit the same functional form for distinct scales, that is, a scale invariant behavior. We also identify asymptotic power-law decay relations between the standard deviations of these three growth rates and the initial size. Further, we discuss similarities with complex organizations.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physica