17,552 research outputs found
The debate over the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
Large-body impact on the Earth is a rare but indisputable geologic process. The impact rate is approximately known from objects discovered in Earth-crossing orbits and from the statistics of craters on the Earth's surface. Tektite and microtektite strewn fields constitute unmistakable ejecta deposits that can be due only to large-body impacts. The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary coincides with an unusually severe biological trauma, and this stratigraphic horizon is marked on a worldwide basis by anomalous concentrations of noble metals in chondritic proportions, mineral spherules with relict quench-crystallization textures, and mineral and rock grains showing shock deformation. These features are precisely compatible with an impact origin. Although only impact explains all the types of K-T boundary evidence, the story may not be as simple as once thought. The original hypothesis envisioned one large impact, triggering one great extinction. Newer evidence hints at various complications. Different challenges are faced by the occupants of each apex of a three-cornered argument over the K-T event. Proponents of a non-impact explanation must show that the evidence fits their preferred model better than it fits the impact scenario. Proponents of the single impact-single extinction view must explain away the complications. Proponents of a more complex impact crisis must develop a reasonable scenario which honors the new evidence
Possible world-wide middle miocene iridium anomaly and its relationship to periodicity of impacts and extinctions
In a study of one million years of Middle Miocene sediment deposition in ODP Hole 689B in the Weddell Sea near Antarctica, a single iridium (Ir) anomaly of 44 (+ or - 10) x 10 to the 12th gram Ir per gram rock (ppt) was observed in core 6H, section 3, 50 to 60 cm, after background contributions associated with manganese precipitates and clay are subtracted. The ODP Hole 689B is 10,000 km away from another site, DSDP Hole 588B in the Tasman Sea north of New Zealand, where a single Ir anomaly of 144 + or - 7 ppt over a background of 11 ppt was found in an earlier study of 3 million years of deposition. From chemical measurements the latter deposition was thought to be impact-related. Ir measurements were made, following neutron activation, with the Iridium Coincidence Spectrometer. The age vs depth calibration curves given in the DSDP and ODP preliminary reports indicate the ages of the Iranomalies are identical, 11.7 million years, but the absolute and relative uncertainties in the curves are not known. Based on the newest age data the age estimate is 10 million years. As the Ir was deposited at the two sites at about the same time and they are one quarter of the way around the world from each other it seems likely that the deposition was world-wide. The impact of a large asteroid or comet could produce the wide distribution, and this data is supportive of the impact relationship deduced for Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) 588B from the chemical evidence. If the surface densities of Ir at the two sites are representative of the world-wide average, the diameter of a Cl type asteroid containing the necessary Ir would be 3 + or - 1 km, which is large enough to cause world-wide darkness and hence extinctions although the latter point is disputed
Atomic Interferometer with Amplitude Gratings of Light and its Applications to Atom Based Tests of the Equivalence Principle
We have developed a matter wave interferometer based on the diffraction of
atoms from effective absorption gratings of light. In a setup with cold
rubidium atoms in an atomic fountain the interferometer has been used to carry
out tests of the equivalence principle on an atomic basis. The gravitational
acceleration of the two isotopes 85Rb and 87Rb was compared, yielding a
difference Dg/g =(1.2 +-1.7)x10^{-7}. We also perform a differential free fall
measurement of atoms in two different hyperfine states, and obtained a result
of Dg/g =(0.4 +-1.2)x10^{-7}.Comment: 4 Pages, 4 figures, accepted for Physical Review Letter
New Luttinger liquid physics from photoemission on LiMoO
Temperature dependent high resolution photoemission spectra of quasi-1
dimensional LiMoO evince a strong renormalization of its
Luttinger liquid density-of-states anomalous exponent. We trace this new effect
to interacting charge neutral critical modes that emerge naturally from the
two-band nature of the material. LiMoO is shown thereby to
be a paradigm material that is capable of revealing new Luttinger physics.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. Let
Feynman Path Integral on the Noncommutative Plane
We formulate Feynman path integral on a non commutative plane using coherent
states. The propagator for a free particle exhibits UV cut-off induced by the
parameter of non commutativity.Comment: 7pages, latex 2e, no figures. Accepted for publication on J.Phys.
Spectral optical monitoring of the double peaked emission line AGN Arp 102B: II. Variability of the broad line properties
We investigate a long-term (26 years, from 1987 to 2013) variability in the
broad spectral line properties of the radio galaxy Arp 102B, an active galaxy
with broad double-peaked emission lines. We use observations presented in Paper
I (Shapovalova et al. 2013) in the period from 1987 to 2011, and a new set of
observations performed in 2012--2013. To explore the BLR geometry, and clarify
some contradictions about the nature of the BLR in Arp 102B we explore
variations in the H and H line parameters during the monitored
period. We fit the broad lines with three broad Gaussian functions finding the
positions and intensities of the blue and red peaks in H and H.
Additionally we fit averaged line profiles with the disc model. We find that
the broad line profiles are double-peaked and have not been changed
significantly in shapes, beside an additional small peak that, from time to
time can be seen in the blue part of the H line. The positions of the
blue and red peaks { have not changed significantly during the monitored
period. The H line is broader than H line in the monitored
period. The disc model is able to reproduce the H and H broad
line profiles, however, observed variability in the line parameters are not in
a good agreement with the emission disc hypothesis. It seems that the BLR of
Arp 102B has a disc-like geometry, but the role of an outflow can also play an
important role in observed variation of the broad line properties.Comment: 17 pages, Accepted for publication in A&
Leptonic Decays of the W-Boson in a Strong Electromagnetic Field
The probability of W-boson decay into a lepton and a neutrino in a strong
electromagnetic field is calculated. On the basis of the method for deriving
exact solutions to relativistic wave equations for charged particles, an exact
analytic expression is obtained for the partial W-decay width at an arbitrary
value of the external field strength. It is found that, in the region of
comparatively weak fields, field-induced corrections to the standard decay
width of the W-boson in a vacuum are about a few percent. In these conditions
at first we observe the decrease of the W-boson partial decay width with the
increase of the external field strength parameter. At absolute minimum the
W-width deviates from the corresponding vacuum value by a factor 0,926. Then
with further augmentation of the background field intensity the W-boson decay
width grows monotonously. In superstrong fields the partial W-width is greater
than the corresponding one in vacuum in a dozen of times.Comment: LaTex file, 19 pages, 2 Postscript figur
Observation of the Askaryan Effect: Coherent Microwave Cherenkov Emission from Charge Asymmetry in High Energy Particle Cascades
We present the first direct experimental evidence for the charge excess in
high energy particle showers predicted nearly 40 years ago by Askaryan. We
directed bremsstrahlung photons from picosecond pulses of 28.5 GeV electrons at
the SLAC Final Focus Test Beam facility into a 3.5 ton silica sand target,
producing electromagnetic showers several meters long. A series of antennas
spanning 0.3 to 6 GHz were used to detect strong, sub-nanosecond radio
frequency pulses produced whenever a shower was present. The measured electric
field strengths are consistent with a completely coherent radiation process.
The pulses show 100% linear polarization, consistent with the expectations of
Cherenkov radiation. The field strength versus depth closely follows the
expected particle number density profile of the cascade, consistent with
emission from excess charge distributed along the shower. These measurements
therefore provide strong support for experiments designed to detect high energy
cosmic rays and neutrinos via coherent radio emission from their cascades.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev. Let
Aperiodic dynamical decoupling sequences in presence of pulse errors
Dynamical decoupling (DD) is a promising tool for preserving the quantum
states of qubits. However, small imperfections in the control pulses can
seriously affect the fidelity of decoupling, and qualitatively change the
evolution of the controlled system at long times. Using both analytical and
numerical tools, we theoretically investigate the effect of the pulse errors
accumulation for two aperiodic DD sequences, the Uhrig's DD UDD) protocol [G.
S. Uhrig, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 98}, 100504 (2007)], and the Quadratic DD (QDD)
protocol [J. R. West, B. H. Fong and D. A. Lidar, Phys. Rev. Lett {\bf 104},
130501 (2010)]. We consider the implementation of these sequences using the
electron spins of phosphorus donors in silicon, where DD sequences are applied
to suppress dephasing of the donor spins. The dependence of the decoupling
fidelity on different initial states of the spins is the focus of our study. We
investigate in detail the initial drop in the DD fidelity, and its long-term
saturation. We also demonstrate that by applying the control pulses along
different directions, the performance of QDD protocols can be noticeably
improved, and explain the reason of such an improvement. Our results can be
useful for future implementations of the aperiodic decoupling protocols, and
for better understanding of the impact of errors on quantum control of spins.Comment: updated reference
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