Endoparazitik arı Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’nın parazitleme ve zehirinin konağı Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nın hemolenf proteinleri üzerine etkisi

Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’nın farklı dozlardaki zehrinin ve parazitlemesinin konağı Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nın hemolenf proteinleri üzerine olan etkileri araştırıldı. Hemolenf proteinleri spektrofotometrik ve Sodyum Dodesil Sülfat Poliakrilamid Jel Elektroforez (SDS-PAGE) teknikleri kullanılarak analiz edildi. Jeller tarandıktan sonra, bantların optik densitometrik değerleri analiz edildi. Parazitlenmiş ve zehirle muamele edilen konak pup hemolenfindeki protein miktarları kontrol gruplarıyla karşılaştırıldığında, muameleden 4, 8 ve 24 saat sonrasında değişiklik göstermedi. Hemolenfte belirlenen 19.6-181.12 kDa aralığındaki on yedi farklı proteinden 23.418, 24.714, 32.434, 34.811 ve 45.385 kDa olanların miktarları parazitleme ve zehir etkisine bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterdi. Larvaların hemolenfindeki proteinlerin elektroforetik dağılımlarında hem kontrol grubunda hem de zehir enjekte edilen gruplarda pupa hemolenfinden farklı olarak 33.823 ve 41.553 kDa büyüklüğünde iki yeni protein belirlendi. Bununla birlikte, larvalarda 45.385, 99.000 ve 126.850 kDa büyüklüğündeki üç band belirlenmedi. Larvalarda hemolenf proteinlerinden bazıları enjeksiyondan 8 saat sonrasında artış gösterirken, diğer proteinler tüm zaman noktalarında değişiklik göstermedi. 34.811 kDa’luk proteinin miktarı 0.02 ve 0.05 kese eşdeğeri zehir (KEZ) dozlarının enjeksiyonundan 8 saat sonra azalma gösterirken 41.553 ve 43.412 kDa büyüklüğündeki proteinler 0.1 kese eşdeğeri zehir (KEZ) dozu haricindeki tüm dozların enjeksiyonundan sonra artış gösterdi. Konak hemolenfinde zehirleme ve zehir enjeksiyonuna bağlı olarak proteinlerde kalitatif bir değişiklik yani yeni bir protein belirlenmedi. Bu nedenle, P. turionellae parazitleme veya zehirleme yoluyla konak G. mellonella’yı düzenlemesinde konağın plazma proteinlerinde kantitatif değişikliklere neden olduğunu ancak yeni proteinlerin salgılanmasının düzenlenmesinde etkili olmadığını ileri sürmekteyiz.The effects of dose-dependent envenomation and by parasitization of Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on the hemolymph protein profile of its host Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were investigated. Hemolymph proteins were analyzed using spectrophotometry and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The gel was subsequently scanned and the optical densities (OD) of the bands were analyzed. The quantities of proteins detected 4, 8, and 24 h post-treatments in hemolymph of parasitized and envenomated host pupae did not differ much when compared with those of controls. Of the seventeen different protein bands detected at a range of 19.6-181.12 kDa in the hemolymph, there were only changes in OD values of bands at 23.418, 24.714, 32.434, 34.811, and 45.385 kDa following envenomation and parasitism. The electrophoretic pattern of hemolymph proteins from venom injected and control groups of larvae did not differ much from that of pupae except for new protein bands detected at 33.823 and 41.553 kDa. However, three bands with 45.385, 99.000, and 126.850 kDa were not detected in larvae. Hemolymph protein quantity remained steady at all time points tested except for increases for some bands at 8 h following envenomation. The amount of 34.811 kDa protein decreased immediately at 8 h post- injection of 0.02 and 0.05 VRE of venom whereas injection all venom doses except 0.1 VRE resulted in an increase in the amount for 41.553 and 43.412 kDa proteins. There were no qualitative changes in term of novel protein bands in the hemolymph of hosts. Therefore, we suggest that host regulation of G. mellonella by parasitism or envenomation of P. turionellae involves quantitative changes in the host plasma proteins but does not lead to the up-regulation of novel proteins

Effects of gibberellic acid (GA3GA _3) on Biological parameters and hemolymph metabolites of the Pupal Endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and its Host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The non-target effects of the plant growth regulator gibberellic acid ($GA _3$) on host and parasitoid pre-adult development along with adult parasitoid longevity and size were examined using the endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) reared on its host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) treated with different doses of the $GA _3$ in diet. Total protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content of hemolymph from parasitoid and host larvae were also evaluated with respect to $GA _3$ doses. Host development from egg to adult took 86-112 d. However, adult completed pre-adult development at an average of 34 d earlier than controls at the highest dose of 5,000 ppm. $GA _3$ treatment had the most significant effect on the egg-larval developmental time of host with more than 35% decrease at doses >1,000 ppm. $GA _3$ treatment did not affect the adult emergence time of parasitoids reared on hosts exposed to different doses. Adult longevity of wasps increased at 50, 100, and 200 ppm, whereas a decrease in longevity was apparent at 2,000 ppm with respect to controls. $GA _3$ treatment did not affect the adult length of wasps at doses ≤200 ppm however, a decrease in length was observed beyond 200 ppm but not at the highest dose 5,000 ppm. Hemolymph lipid at all and carbohydrate at most of the doses decreased in host larvae upon exposure to $GA _3$. The increase in hemolymph protein content of host larvae is likely to indicate a physiological adaptability to compensate for $GA _3$-induced stress. Total protein of wasp larvae fluctuated among treatment doses, was significantly lower at all doses except for the insignificant decrease at 2,000 ppm and increases at 50 and 200 ppm. Total lipid content of $GA _3$ treated groups increased significantly at only 100 ppm. Except for 100 ppm, there appeared insignificant decreases at doses ≤500 ppm and increases at doses >500 ppm. Total carbohydrate of wasp larvae increased at 100 and 1,000 ppm but decreased at 200 and 5,000 ppm. The potential significance of $GA _3$ on pest species and its natural enemy which may be used in Integrated Pest Management programs is discussed.The non-target effects of the plant growth regulator gibberellic acid ($GA _3$) on host and parasitoid pre-adult development along with adult parasitoid longevity and size were examined using the endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) reared on its host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) treated with different doses of the $GA _3$ in diet. Total protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content of hemolymph from parasitoid and host larvae were also evaluated with respect to $GA _3$ doses. Host development from egg to adult took 86-112 d. However, adult completed pre-adult development at an average of 34 d earlier than controls at the highest dose of 5,000 ppm. $GA _3$ treatment had the most significant effect on the egg-larval developmental time of host with more than 35% decrease at doses >1,000 ppm. $GA _3$ treatment did not affect the adult emergence time of parasitoids reared on hosts exposed to different doses. Adult longevity of wasps increased at 50, 100, and 200 ppm, whereas a decrease in longevity was apparent at 2,000 ppm with respect to controls. $GA _3$ treatment did not affect the adult length of wasps at doses ≤200 ppm however, a decrease in length was observed beyond 200 ppm but not at the highest dose 5,000 ppm. Hemolymph lipid at all and carbohydrate at most of the doses decreased in host larvae upon exposure to $GA _3$. The increase in hemolymph protein content of host larvae is likely to indicate a physiological adaptability to compensate for $GA _3$-induced stress. Total protein of wasp larvae fluctuated among treatment doses, was significantly lower at all doses except for the insignificant decrease at 2,000 ppm and increases at 50 and 200 ppm. Total lipid content of $GA _3$ treated groups increased significantly at only 100 ppm. Except for 100 ppm, there appeared insignificant decreases at doses ≤500 ppm and increases at doses >500 ppm. Total carbohydrate of wasp larvae increased at 100 and 1,000 ppm but decreased at 200 and 5,000 ppm. The potential significance of $GA _3$ on pest species and its natural enemy which may be used in Integrated Pest Management programs is discussed

Coexistence of essential thrombocythemia, iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia and renal cell carcinoma

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm. It is characterized by thrombocytosis and megakaryocytic hyperplasia of the bone marrow with JAK2V617F mutation. Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is an autosomal recessive disorder, which is mainly characterized by iron deficiency anemia not responding to oral iron intake, but partially responding to parenteral iron therapy. Recently, it has been shown that IRIDA has stemmed from mutations in the gene TMPRSS6, which encodes a transmembrane serine protease (matriptase- 2) expressed by the liver. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2-3% of all cancers. As the most common solid lesion in the kidneys, it represents approximately 90% of all renal malignancies. Approximately 30% of patients with symptomatic RCCs seem to display paraneoplastic syndromes. The symptom that may result from erythrocytosis is the most wellknown paraneoplastic hematological event. Here, we report a patient who presents with coexistence of RCC and thrombocytosis, which hasn’t been caused by hormonal factors that are produced in tumor cells. This patient has been therefore diagnosed with ET. The patient who was expected to display RCC with polycythemia, conversely present with IRIDA

The outcome of COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancy (Letter)

[No Abstract Available

Outcome of COVID-19 in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Introduction In this study, we aim to report the outcome of COVID-19 in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Method The data of 16 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients with CML receiving TKI and age, gender, and comorbid disease matched COVID-19 patients without cancer at a 3/1 ratio (n = 48), diagnosed between March 11, 2020 and May 22, 2020 and included in the Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health database, were analyzed retrospectively. Results The rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mechanical ventilation (MV) support were lower in CML patients compared to the control group, however, these differences did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.1, and p = 0.2, respectively). The length of hospital stay was shorter in CML patients compared with the control group; however, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.8). The case fatality rate (CFR) in COVID-19 patients with CML was 6.3%, and it was 12.8% in the control group. Although the CFR in CML patients with COVID-19 was lower compared to the control group, this difference did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.5). When CML patients were divided into 3 groups according to the TKI, no significant difference was observed regarding the rate of ICU admission, MV support, CFR, the length of stay in both hospital and ICU (all p > 0.05). Conclusion This study highlights that large scale prospective and randomized studies should be conducted in order to investigate the role of TKIs in the treatment of COVID-19

The outcome of COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancy

In this study, we aim to report the outcomes for COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancy in Turkey. Data from laboratory-confirmed 188 897 COVID-19 patients diagnosed between 11 March 2020 and 22 June 2020 included in the Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health database were analyzed retrospectively. All COVID-19 patients with hematological malignancy (n = 740) were included in the study and an age, sex, and comorbidity-matched cohort of COVID-19 patients without cancer (n = 740) at a 1:1 ratio was used for comparison. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (30.1%), myelodysplastic syndrome (19.7%), myeloproliferative neoplasm (15.7%) were the most common hematological malignancies. The rates of severe and critical disease were significantly higher in patients with hematological malignancy compared with patients without cancer (P = .001). The rates of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were higher in patients with hematological malignancy compared with the patients without cancer (P = .023,P = .001, respectively). The length of hospital stay and ICU stay was similar between groups (P = .7,P = .3, retrospectively). The rate of mechanical ventilation (MV) support was higher in patients with hematological malignancy compared with the control group (P = .001). The case fatality rate was 13.8% in patients with hematological malignancy, and it was 6.8% in the control group (P = .001). This study reveals that there is an increased risk of COVID-19-related serious events (ICU admission, MV support, or death) in patients with hematological malignancy compared with COVID-19 patients without cancer and confirms the high vulnerability of patients with hematological malignancy in the current pandemic

Mesenchymal stem cell transfusion: Possible beneficial effects in COVID-19 patients

SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor on human cells. The virus causes hypercytokinemia, capillary leak, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiac injury, and leads to death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are ACE-2 negative cells; therefore, can escape from SARSCoV-2. MSCs prevent hypercytokinemia and help the resolution of the pulmonary edema and other damages occurred during the course of COVID-19. In addition, MSCs enhance the regeneration of the lung and other tissues affected by SARS-CoV-2. The case series reported beneficial effect of MSCs in COVID-19 treatment. However, there are some concerns about the safety of MSCs, particularly referring to the increased risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation, and thromboembolism due to the expression of TF/CD142. Prospective, randomized, large scale studies are needed to reveal the optimum dose, administration way, time, efficacy, and safety of MSCs in the COVID-19 treatment

Convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19

Introduction: Passive antibody therapy has been used to immunize vulnerable people against infectious agents. In this study, we aim to investigate the efficacy of convalescent plasma (CP) in the treatment of severe and critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Method: The data of severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients who received anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody-containing CP along with the antiviral treatment (n = 888) and an age-gender, comorbidity, and other COVID-19 treatments matched severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients at 1:1 ratio (n = 888) were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Duration in the intensive care unit (ICU), the rate of mechanical ventilation (MV) support and vasopressor support were lower in CP group compared with the control group (p = 0.001, p = 0.02, p = 0.001, respectively). The case fatality rate (CFR) was 24.7 % in the CP group, and it was 27.7 % in the control group. Administration of CP 20 days after the COVID-19 diagnosis or COVID-19 related symptoms were associated with a higher rate of MV support compared with the first 3 interval groups (?5 days, 6-10 days, 11-15 days) (p=0.001). Conclusion: CP therapy seems to be effective for a better course of COVID-19 in severe and critically ill patients

Patients with hematologic cancers are more vulnerable to COVID-19 compared to patients with solid cancers

Previous studies reported that COVID-19 patients with cancer had higher rates of severe events such as intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation (MV) assistance, and death during the COVID-19 course compared to the general population. However, no randomized study compared the clinical course of COVID-19 in patients with hematologic cancers to patients with solid cancers. Thus, in this study, we intend to reveal the outcome of COVID-19 in hematologic cancer patients and compare their outcomes with COVID-19 patients with solid cancers. The data of 926 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, including 463 hematologic cancer patients and an age-gender paired cohort of 463 solid cancer patients, were investigated retrospectively. The frequencies of severe and critical disease, hospital and ICU admission, MV assistance were significantly higher in hematologic cancer patients compared with the solid cancer patients (p = 0.001, p = 0.045, p = 0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively). The hospital stay was longer in patients with hematologic cancers (p = 0.001); however, the median ICU stay was 6 days in both groups. The case fatality rate (CFR) was 14.9% in patients with hematologic cancers, and it was 4.8% in patients with solid cancers, and there was a statistically significant difference regarding CFR between groups (p = 0.001). Our study revealed that COVID-19 patients with hematologic cancers have a more aggressive course of COVID-19 and have higher CFR compared to COVID-19 patients with solid cancers and support the increased susceptibility of patients with hematologic cancers during the outbreak

Convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19

There are currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for COVID-19. Anti-SARS CoV-2 antibody-containing plasmas, obtained from the recovered individuals who had confirmed COVID-19, have been started to be collected using apheresis devices and stored in blood banks in some countries in order to administer to the patients with COVID-19 for reducing the need of intensive care and the mortality rates. Therefore, in this review, we aim to point out some important issues related to convalescent plasma (CP) and its use in COVID-19. CP may be an adjunctive treatment option to the anti-viral therapy. The protective effect of CP may continue for weeks and months. After the assessment of the donor, 200-600 mL plasma can be collected with apheresis devices. The donation interval may vary between countries. Even though limited published studies are not prospective or randomized, until the development of vaccines or therapeutics, CP seems to be a safe and probably effective treatment for critically ill patients with COVID-19. It could also be used for prophylactic purposes but the safety and effectiveness of this approach should be tested in randomized prospective clinical trials