Citizen oversight in the United States and Canada : applying outcome measures and evidence-based concepts

Democratic governments empower the police to regulate the conduct of citizens and to protect their rights. Citizens also expect officers to respond to their needs in a skilled and professional manner. When allegations of excessive force, racism, and other forms of misconduct and corruption surface, citizens question the foundation on which the police authority is based and departments’ abilities to control the actions of their own officers. For many, even the courts and politicians have failed at deterring officers from engaging in proscriptive behaviors, especially those that violate the welfare and safety of the public (Punch, 2009). To address these shortcomings, stakeholders have called for citizen oversight agencies to investigate and adjudicate claims of police misconduct and corruption

Reducing public complaints and use of force : the Portland Police Bureau experience

Purpose – From 2002 to 2014, the Portland Police Bureau reported large reductions in complaints against officers and use of force indicators. The purpose of this paper is to develop a case study to document these changes and explore possible influences. Design/methodology/approach – The paper maps the changes in conduct indicators against the developing relationship between the Bureau and the Portland Independent Police Review Division, and changes in policies and procedures. Findings – Public complaints reduced by 54.4 per cent, while the rate of specific allegations per officer fell by 70.1 per cent. Quarterly use of force incident reports were reduced by 65.4 per cent between 2008 and 2014. Annual average shootings decreased from a high of nine per year across 1997-2002 to just below four per year in 2009-2014. Fatal shootings also trended downward but remained two per year in the last three years on record. Reforms instituted during this period that may have influenced these trends include a more rigorous complaints process, an early intervention system (EIS), enhanced external and internal review mechanisms, policy changes and training initiatives. Research limitations/implications – The researchers were unable to control for a range of additional variables that may have influenced the findings, including police deployments and changes in officer demographics. Practical implications – The study provides support for strategies to improve police conduct including external oversight, diagnostic research, training focussed on de-escalation and minimal force, and complaint profiling and EISs. Originality/value – There are very few studies available showing large long-term reductions in adverse police conduct indicators