MATURITY RELATED VARIATION IN ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE AMONG YOUNG MALE ATHLETES AND NONATHLETES

The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of maturation and regular sport participation on anaerobic performance variables of 11-to 15-year-old young male athletes and non-athletes. One hundred fifty young male subjects were voluntarily participated in this study. Trained boys (n=75), comprised of 27 Handball, 26 Soccer and 22 Volleyball players, had been training regularly for at least one year. However, untrained boys (n=75) were not involved in any systematic training program. Participants were also divided into five maturity groups according to Tanner’s stages. Body mass and stature were determined. Percentage of body fat and fat free mass were also calculated from the appropriate equations. Anaerobic performance was evaluated with the Wingate Anaerobic Test. Two-way Analysis of Variance (2×5) with Tukey’s-HSD was used for statistical analysis. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were also computed. The results revealed that absolute anaerobic performance variables were highly positively correlated with body mass and fat free mass, significantly increase with maturation (p<0.01). Maturation effect on anaerobic performance variables remained even when body mass and fat free mass were factored out (p<0.01). The trained boys have higher anaerobic performance values and relatively steeper increase with maturation compared to untrained group. Finally, there were no interaction effects between maturation and training groups on any of the variables. In conclusion, variations in anaerobic performance levels are partly determined by factors other than body mass or fat free mass. This finding may be due, in part, to the maturation-related functional and metabolic changes in skeletal muscle

Daily Physical Activity And Physical Fitness In 11-To 15-Year-Old Trained And Untrained Turkish Boys

The aims of this study were to assess levels and patterns of physical activity (PA) in relation to age and regular sport activity, and to examine its relationship to physical fitness in trained and untrained boys. One hundred forty-seven 11-to 15-year-old boys (73 trained and 74 untrained) participated in this study. Trained boys, comprised of 26 soccer, 25 handball and 22 volleyball players, had been training regularly for at least one year. The intensity, duration and frequency of PA were assessed from four complete days of heart rate monitoring with 15-seconds sampling intervals. Aerobic fitness was assessed by determining peakVO(2) with a portable breath-by-breath gas analyzer (Cosmed K4b(2)) and the running speeds at fixed lactate concentrations during an incremental running test. Anaerobic fitness was evaluated with the Wingate Anaerobic Test. Skinfold thicknesses from eight sites and Tanner stages of pubic hair were also obtained. Based on 15-s heart rate data, instead of continuous activity, multiple short bouts of moderate and vigorous PA, lasting up to one minute, were characteristic of daily PA patterns of both trained and untrained boys. PA levels of trained boys were higher than untrained boys (p 0.05). No relationship was observed between PA variables and anaerobic fitness in either group (p> 0.05). It seems that such relationships may somewhat depend on the fitness level of the subjects.Wo

Influence Of Ramadan Fasting On Anaerobic Performance And Recovery Following Short Time High Intensity Exercise

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ramadan fasting on anaerobic power and capacity and the removal rate of lactate after short time high intensity exercise in power athletes. Ten male elite power athletes (2 wrestlers, 7 sprinters and 1 thrower, aged 20-24 yr, mean age 22.30 +/- 1.25 yr) participated in this study. The subjects were tested three times [3 days before the beginning of Ramadan (Pre-RF), the last 3 days of Ramadan (End-RF) and the last 3 days of the 4(th) week after the end of Ramadan (After-RF)]. Anaerobic power and capacity were measured by using the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) at Pre-RF, End-RF and After-RF. Capillary blood samples for lactate analyses and heart rate recordings were taken at rest, immediately after WAnT and throughout the recovery period. Repeated measures of ANOVA indicated that there were no significant changes in body weight, body mass index, fat free mass, percentage of body fat, daily sleeping time and daily caloric intake associated with Ramadan fasting. No significant changes were found in total body water either, but urinary density measured at End-RF was significantly higher than After-RF. Similarity among peak HR and peak LA values at Pre-RF, End-RF and After-RF demonstrated that cardiovascular and metabolic stress caused by WAnT was not affected by Ramadan fasting. In addition, no influence of Ramadan fasting on anaerobic power and capacity and removal rate of LA from blood following high intensity exercise was observed. The results of this study revealed that if strength-power training is performed regularly and daily food intake, body fluid balance and daily sleeping time are maintained as before Ramadan, Ramadan fasting will not have adverse effects on body composition, anaerobic power and capacity, and LA metabolism during and after high intensity exercise in power athletes.Wo

Comparison of metabolic responses to various endurance protocols

Çalışmanın amacı laboratuvar ve saha ortamında uygulanan çeşitli dayanıklılık protokollerine verilen metabolik cevapların karşılaştırılması ve testlerden elde edilen maksimum oksijen tüketimi $(VO_{2maks})$ değerlerinin testlerde kat edilen toplam mesafe ile ilişkilerinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya genç takımlarda oynayan toplam 30 futbolcu katılmıştır. Araştırma grubundaki sporculara koşu bandı (KB), mekik (M), dairesel mekik (DM), modifiye mekik (MM) ve dairesel modifiyemekik(DMM) olmak üzere beş farklı dayanıklılık protokolü uygulanmıştır. Protokollere submaksimum ve maksimum koşu hızlarında verilen kan laktat (LA), oksijen tüketimi $(VO_{2}),$ kalp atım hızı (KAH) ve algılanan zorluk düzeyi (AZD) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Protokollere verilen metabolik cevaplar tekrarlı ölçümlerde varyans analizi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. İkili grup karşılaştırmalarında ise LSD testi kullanılmıştır.Protokoller arasındaki ilişkiler ise Pearson korelasyon katsayısıyla incelenmiştir. Submaksimum koşu hızlarında M ve MM testlerine yerilen LA, V02, KAH ve AZD cevaplan KB, DM ve DMM testlerinden yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Farklı LA'daki koşu hızı KB testinde DMM'den yüksektir (p<0.05). Karşıt olarak, farklı LA'daki KAH ise DMM testinde KB'den yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Protokoller arasında LAmaks, $VO_{2maks'}$ KAHmaks, AZDmaks ve maksimum koşu hızı (Hızmaks) açısından orta ve/veya yüksek düzeyde korelasyon belirlenmiştir (p<0.01). M, DM, MM ve DMM testlerinde ölçülen $VO_{2maks'}$ bu testlerde kat edilen mesafe ile orta düzeyde ilişkilidir (r = 0.61-r = 0.76; p<0.01). Sonuç olarak, laboratuvar ve saha ortamında uygulanan dayanıklılık protokollerinin submaksimum ve maksimum koşu hızlarında yarattığı fizyolojik zorlanma düzeyleri farklıdır. Dayanıklılık antrenmanlarında bireysel yüklenme şiddetinin belirlenmesinde DMM testinin uygulanması önerilebilir. Ayrıca, saha testlerinde kat edilen mesafenin futbolcuların V02maks değerlerinin kestiriminde hassas bir yaklaşım tarzı olmadığı gözlenmiştir.The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic responses to various endurance tests administered in laboratory and field conditions, and to consider relationship between maximal oxygen consumption $(VO_{2max})$ and distance covered during tests. Thirty-players playing at young-teams participated to study. The players were performed treadmill (T), shuttle-run (SR), circular shuttle-run (CSR), modified shuttle-run (MSR) and circular modified-shuttle-run (CMSR) tests. Blood lactate (LA), oxygen consumption $(VO_{2}),$ heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) responses to protocols were determined. Comparison of metabolic response differences between protocols were made using repeated measures ANOVA. LSD test was applied to identify the point of differences. Relationships between protocols were considered using Pearson Correlation. LA, V02, HR and RPE responses to SR and MSR at submaximal running speeds were higher than T, CSR and CMSR (p&lt;0.05). Running speeds at fixed LA were higher in T than CMSR (p&lt;0.05). In contrast, HR at fixed LA were higher in CMSR than T (p&lt;0.05). Moderate and/ or high relationships were observed between protocols in terms of LAmax, $VO_{2max'}$ HRmax, RPEmax and maximal running speed $(RS_{max}).$. V02max measured at SR, CSR, MSR and CMSR was moderately related to distance covered during test (r=0.61-0.76; p&lt;0.01). The results demonstrated that endurance protocols administered in laboratory and field conditions caused different physiological strain at submaximal and maximal speeds. CMSR test can be suggested to determine individual training load in endurance training. Furthermore; distance covered at field tests was not a sensetive method in estimating V02max values of soccer players

CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND EVENT DIFFERENCES IN ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate anaerobic performance parameters in young competitive male and female athletes engaged in different events of Track and Field, and to compare them in relation to chronological age for each gender group. Fifty-six 12-to14-year-old girls and sixty-three 11-to16-year-old boys totally 119 athletes were participated in this study. Two event-specific-groups and three chronological-age-groups were constructed for each gender. Event-specific groups were composed of Group 1 (middle-long distance runners) and Group 2 (sprinters, throwers, jumpers). Age groups were consisted of 12, 13 and 14 years old girls, and 11-12, 13-14 and 15-16 years old boys. Body mass and stature were measured. Percentage of body fat and fat free mass were calculated from the appropriate equations. Anaerobic performance was assessed with the Wingate Anaerobic Test. Two-way Analysis of Variance (2×3) was used for statistical analysis. Both absolute and relative anaerobic performance and fatigue index values for each gender were significantly higher in the Group 2 than in the Group 1 (p0.05). However, the effects of age on absolute and relative values of anaerobic performance were not significant in female athletes (p>0.05). In conclusion, the level of anaerobic performance was altered depending on event specialization in young Track and Field athletes. This difference may demonstrate the effect of training specificity

Severe acetaminophen poisoning treated with a fractionated plasma separation and absorption system: A case report

PubMedID: 19812118Acetaminophen is an analgesic drug that is frequently used in suicide attempts. In this paper, we report on a 17-year-old girl who was admitted to an emergency department 15 hours after taking acetaminophen pills in a suicide attempt. Her serum acetaminophen level was 73 mg/L on admission; she had elevated liver enzymes suggesting hepatic necrosis. She was started on N-acetyl cystein (NAC), and treated successfully with a fractionated plasma separation and absorption system

Metabolic Demands of Match Performance In Young Soccer Players

The aim of the present study was to determine metabolic responses, movement patterns and distance covered at running speeds corresponding to fixed blood lactate concentrations (FBLs) in young soccer players during a match play. A further aim of the study was to evaluate the relationships between FBLs, maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2)max) and distance covered during a game. A multistage field test was administered to 32 players to determine FBLs and VO(2)max. Blood lactate (LA), heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) responses were obtained from 36 players during tournament matches filmed using six fixed cameras. Images were transferred to a computer, for calibration and synchronization. In all players, values for LA and HR were higher and RPE lower during the 1st half compared to the 2nd half of the matches (p < 0.01). Players in forward positions had higher LA levels than defenders, but HR and RPE values were similar between playing positions. Total distance and distance covered in jogging, low-moderatehigh intensity running and low intensity sprint were higher during the 1st half (p < 0.01). In the 1st half, players also ran longer distances at FBLs [p<0.01; average running speed at 2mmol.L-1 (FBL2): 3.32 +/- 0.31m.s(-1) and average running speed at 4mmol.L-1 (FBL4): 3.91 +/- 0.25m.s(-1)]. There was a significant difference between playing positions in distance covered at different running speeds (p < 0.05). However, when distance covered was expressed as FBLs, the players ran similar distances. In addition, relationships between FBLs and total distance covered were significant (r = 0.482 to 0.570; p < 0.01). In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that young soccer players experienced higher internal load during the 1st half of a game compared to the 2nd half. Furthermore, although movement patterns of players differed between playing positions, all players experienced a similar physiological stress throughout the game. Finally, total distance covered was associated to fixed blood lactate concentrations during play.Wo

Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition

The current study was sponsored by the Vice Chancellery of Research & Technology Affairs at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah – Iran (Grant no. 91058). The authors are deeply grateful to all participants for their time and blood sample donation. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Author contributions. Project design: SMN, JRS. Data collection: SMN, YP, SP, MD, PN, RM. Data analysis: SMN, RM, JRS. Writing paper. SMN, JRS.Peer reviewedPostprin