Distribución espacial de la precipitación sobre el crecimiento inicial del cedro rojo (Cedrela odorata L.)

Objective: To analyze the effect of the spatial variability of precipitation on the initialgrowth of red cedar (Cedrella odorata L.) in Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico.Design / methodology / approach: The plantations were established in June 2010 inSuchiate, Tapachula and Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas; with a density of 1,111 trees ha -1planted and spaced 3.0 mx 3.0 m. Every six months (210-2014) tree height (h; m) anddiameter at chest height (DBH; cm) were measured).Results: The average annual height of the trees was correlated; with the accumulatedannual precipitation (Pp; mm), and a simple linear regression equation (R2= 0.94) wasdetermined, which predicts that the growth of the red cedar was 0.09 m for every 100mm of precipitation observed in the different localities. Likewise, its initial growth wasadjusted with a high level of confidence (P?0.001) to the first phase of the Richardssigmoidal model and, from its first derivative, the annual growth rates were determined:2.58 m year-1, 2.05 year -1 and 1.86 year -1 m for the towns of Tapachula, Tuxtla Chicoand Suchiate, respectively.Study limitations / implications: The first phase of the Richards model is onlyapplicable for the initial growth of red cedar and, beyond four years of age, it presentserrors. 2Conclusions: The first phase of Richards' sigmoidal model under the conditionsstudied, predicts with high confidence the initial growth of red cedar for the conditions ofSoconusco, Chiapas.Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de la variabilidad espacial de la precipitación sobre el crecimiento inicial del cedro rojo (Cedrella odorata L.) en el Soconusco; Chiapas, México.Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Las plantaciones se establecieron en junio de 2010 en Suchiate, Tapachula y Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas; con una densidad de 1,111 árboles ha -1 sembrados y espaciados 3.0 m x 3.0 m. Cada seis meses (210-2014) se midieron altura del árbol (h; m) y diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP; cm).Resultados: Se correlacionó la altura promedio anual de los árboles; con la precipitación anual acumulada (Pp; mm), y se determinó una ecuación de regresión lineal simple (R 2 =0.94), la cual predice que, el crecimiento del cedro rojo fue de 0.09 m por cada 100 mm de precipitación observada en las diferentes localidades. Asimismo, su crecimiento inicial se ajustó con alto nivel de confianza (P?0.001) a la primera fase del modelo sigmoidal de Richards y, a partir de su primera derivada, se determinaron las tasas de crecimiento anual: 2.58 m año -1 , 2.05 m año -1 y 1.86 m año -1 para las localidades de Tapachula, Tuxtla Chico y Suchiate, respectivamente.Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La primera fase del modelo Richards, sólo es aplicable para el crecimiento inicial del cedro rojo y, más allá de cuatro años de edad presenta errores.Hallazgos/conclusiones: La primera fase del modelo sigmoidal de Richards bajo lascondiciones estudiadas, predice con alto nivel de confianza el crecimiento inicial delcedro rojo para las condiciones del Soconusco, Chiapas

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

Remoción nutrimental del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en México: Remoción nutrimental en cacao

Objective: To determine the nutritional concentration of the cocoa fruit in its components: shell, mucilage, testa and seed of different genetic groups. Design / methodology / approach: The determination of the nutrient removal was from three cocoa clones: Criollo (Carmelo), Forastero (PMCT 58) and Trinitario (RIM 88). Ten fruits from each clone were collected. Each fruit was divided into its components: peel, mucilage, testa and seed. Each of the fractions were dried in the drying oven for 72 h at 65 ° C; each fraction was then ground, packaged, labeled and sent to the laboratory, where the macro and micro-nutrients of each of these fractions were determined. Results. The nutritional removal of the macro and micro nutrients (N, PK, Ca, Mg and S), of the different structures (shell, mucilage, testa and seed) and genetic group (outsider, Trinidadian and Creole), ranged in a range of acceptable values ??(0.01 <s <0.199). Study limitations / implications: Nutrient removal will be mainly influenced by the genetic group of cocoa and the conditions where it is grown. Findings / Conclusions: The nutritional removal of cocoa varies according to the different structures (seed, testa, mucilage and shell) and the concentration depends largely on the variety of cocoa (Forastero, Trinitario or Criollo). Potassium is the element most absorbed by the peel, followed by calcium and nitrogen and phosphorus in the seed. In general, the Trinitario cocoa (RIM) presented higher nutrient removal in K, N, Mg and P, followed by the Forastero (PMCT 58) and with lesser quantity the Criollo (Carmelo) and in the microelements the most absorbed were Zn, Fe and B in Trinitario, Criollo and Forastero, respectively.Objetivo: Determinar la concentración nutrimental del fruto de cacao en sus componentes: cáscara, mucílago, testa y semilla de diferentes grupos genéticos. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: La determinación de la remoción nutrimental fue de tres clones de cacao: Criollo (Carmelo), Forastero (PMCT 58) y Trinitario (RIM 88). Se colectaron diez frutos de cada clon. Cada fruto se fraccionó en sus componentes: cáscara, mucílago, testa y semilla. Cada una de las fracciones fueron secadas en el horno de secado por 72 h a 65°C; después cada fracción fue molida, envasada, etiquetada y enviadas al laboratorio, donde se determinaron los macro y micro-nutrimentos de cada una de estas fracciones. Resultados. La remoción nutrimental de los macro y micro nutrimentos (N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S),de las diferentes estructuras (cáscara, mucílago, testa y semilla) y grupo genético (forastero, trinitario y criollo), osciló en un intervalo de valores aceptables (0.01 < s < 0.199).   Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La remoción nutrimental va estar influenciado principalmente por el grupo genético de cacao y las condiciones donde se cultive. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La remoción nutrimental del cacao varía de acuerdo a las diferentes estructuras (semilla, testa, mucilago y cáscara) y la concentración depende en gran medida de la variedad de cacao (forastero, trinitario o criollo). El Potasio es el elemento más absorbido por la cáscara, seguido del calcio y en la semilla fue el nitrógeno y el fósforo. En general el cacao trinitario (RIM) presentó mayor remoción nutrimental en K, N, Mg y P, seguido del forastero (PMCT 58) y con menor cantidad el criollo (Carmelo) y en los microelementos los más absorbidos fueron Zn, Fe y B en trinitario, criollo y forastero, respectivamente