Reactive Power Control in Electrical Power Transmission System

Abstract In this paper, an understanding of reactive power associated with power transmission networks is developed. To make transmission networks operate within desired voltage limits, methods of making up or taking away reactive powerhereafter called reactive-power control-are discussed. Before proceeding further, however, a thorough understanding of the reactive power in ac systems is necessary. This paper is not intended to provide a comprehensive analysis of transmission lines. Rather, its objective is to examine those aspects that enhance the understanding of the interplay between voltages on the line and the resulting reactive-power flows

Structural and Molecular Characterization of Squalene Synthase Belonging to the Marine Thraustochytrid Species Aurantiochytrium limacinum Using Bioinformatics Approach

The marine microorganisms thraustochytrids have been explored for their potential in the production of various bioactive compounds, such as DHA, carotenoids, and squalene. Squalene is a secondary metabolite of the triterpenoid class and is known for its importance in various industrial applications. The bioinformatic analysis for squalene synthase (SQS) gene (the first key enzyme in the triterpenoid synthesis pathway), that is prevailing among thraustochytrids, is poorly investigated. In-silico studies combining sequence alignments and bioinformatic tools helped in the preliminary characterization of squalene synthases found in Aurantiochytrium limacinum. The sequence contained highly conserved regions for SQS found among different species indicated the enzyme had all the regions for its functionality. The signal peptide sequence and transmembrane regions were absent, indicating an important aspect of the subcellular localization. Secondary and 3-D models generated using appropriate templates demonstrated the similarities with SQS of the other species. The 3-D model also provided important insights into possible active, binding, phosphorylation, and glycosylation sites

Impact of HuR inhibition by the small molecule MS-444 on colorectal cancer cell tumorigenesis.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Observed during CRC tumorigenesis is loss of post-transcriptional regulation of tumor-promoting genes such as COX-2, TNFα and VEGF. Overexpression of the RNA-binding protein HuR (ELAVL1) occurs during colon tumorigenesis and is abnormally present within the cytoplasm, where it post-transcriptionally regulates genes through its interaction with 3\u27UTR AU-rich elements (AREs). Here, we examine the therapeutic potential of targeting HuR using MS-444, a small molecule HuR inhibitor. Treatment of CRC cells with MS-444 resulted in growth inhibition and increased apoptotic gene expression, while similar treatment doses in non-transformed intestinal cells had no appreciable effects. Mechanistically, MS-444 disrupted HuR cytoplasmic trafficking and released ARE-mRNAs for localization to P-bodies, but did not affect total HuR expression levels. This resulted in MS-444-mediated inhibition of COX-2 and other ARE-mRNA expression levels. Importantly, MS-444 was well tolerated and inhibited xenograft CRC tumor growth through enhanced apoptosis and decreased angiogenesis upon intraperitoneal administration. In vivo treatment of MS-444 inhibited HuR cytoplasmic localization and decreased COX-2 expression in tumors. These findings provide evidence that therapeutic strategies to target HuR in CRC warrant further investigation in an effort to move this approach to the clinic

Neurodevelopmental disorders in children aged 2-9 years: Population-based burden estimates across five regions in India.

BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) compromise the development and attainment of full social and economic potential at individual, family, community, and country levels. Paucity of data on NDDs slows down policy and programmatic action in most developing countries despite perceived high burden. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We assessed 3,964 children (with almost equal number of boys and girls distributed in 2-<6 and 6-9 year age categories) identified from five geographically diverse populations in India using cluster sampling technique (probability proportionate to population size). These were from the North-Central, i.e., Palwal (N = 998; all rural, 16.4% non-Hindu, 25.3% from scheduled caste/tribe [SC-ST] [these are considered underserved communities who are eligible for affirmative action]); North, i.e., Kangra (N = 997; 91.6% rural, 3.7% non-Hindu, 25.3% SC-ST); East, i.e., Dhenkanal (N = 981; 89.8% rural, 1.2% non-Hindu, 38.0% SC-ST); South, i.e., Hyderabad (N = 495; all urban, 25.7% non-Hindu, 27.3% SC-ST) and West, i.e., North Goa (N = 493; 68.0% rural, 11.4% non-Hindu, 18.5% SC-ST). All children were assessed for vision impairment (VI), epilepsy (Epi), neuromotor impairments including cerebral palsy (NMI-CP), hearing impairment (HI), speech and language disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and intellectual disability (ID). Furthermore, 6-9-year-old children were also assessed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders (LDs). We standardized sample characteristics as per Census of India 2011 to arrive at district level and all-sites-pooled estimates. Site-specific prevalence of any of seven NDDs in 2-<6 year olds ranged from 2.9% (95% CI 1.6-5.5) to 18.7% (95% CI 14.7-23.6), and for any of nine NDDs in the 6-9-year-old children, from 6.5% (95% CI 4.6-9.1) to 18.5% (95% CI 15.3-22.3). Two or more NDDs were present in 0.4% (95% CI 0.1-1.7) to 4.3% (95% CI 2.2-8.2) in the younger age category and 0.7% (95% CI 0.2-2.0) to 5.3% (95% CI 3.3-8.2) in the older age category. All-site-pooled estimates for NDDs were 9.2% (95% CI 7.5-11.2) and 13.6% (95% CI 11.3-16.2) in children of 2-<6 and 6-9 year age categories, respectively, without significant difference according to gender, rural/urban residence, or religion; almost one-fifth of these children had more than one NDD. The pooled estimates for prevalence increased by up to three percentage points when these were adjusted for national rates of stunting or low birth weight (LBW). HI, ID, speech and language disorders, Epi, and LDs were the common NDDs across sites. Upon risk modelling, noninstitutional delivery, history of perinatal asphyxia, neonatal illness, postnatal neurological/brain infections, stunting, LBW/prematurity, and older age category (6-9 year) were significantly associated with NDDs. The study sample was underrepresentative of stunting and LBW and had a 15.6% refusal. These factors could be contributing to underestimation of the true NDD burden in our population. CONCLUSIONS: The study identifies NDDs in children aged 2-9 years as a significant public health burden for India. HI was higher than and ASD prevalence comparable to the published global literature. Most risk factors of NDDs were modifiable and amenable to public health interventions

Does Global Financial Crisis Integrate the Regional Market in Asia More Strongly?

The aim of this paper is to analyze whether the worldwide financial crisis integrates the regional markets in Asia more strongly. Secondly, it is also to examine whether the integration of regional markets in Asia necessarily leads to a weak form of market efficiency. To examine this we have considered the different broad based and liquid stock indices such as the Sensex and BSE 100 from the Bombay Stock Exchange; the S&P CNX Nifty from the National Stock Exchange, representing India; the Hang Seng Index from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, representing China; the Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLSE), Bursa Malaysia representing Malaysia; the Nikkei 225 from the Tokyo Stock Exchange representing Japan, and the Straits Times Index (STI) from the Singapore Exchange representing Singapore. The study considered the daily data spanning from 4th January 1994 to 2nd May 2012. The full sample period was split into three forms such as the whole sample, the Global financial crisis and the post global financial crisis. The short term interaction was studied by using Toda Yamamoto’s procedure of Granger’s Causality in VAR Block Exogenity form and the long run equilibrium relationship was tested by applying the Johansen Maximum Likelihood procedure. And so the paper explored the possible, integrating relationship at the volatility level among the regional stock indices by applying the ARCH school of models. Finally, the Random Walk Hypothesis was tested by employing the Chow-Denning (1993) and the Lo and Mackinlay (1988) multiple variance ratio test to examine the efficiency of the market. The major findings of the study indicated that the worldwide financial crisis integrates the regional markets in Asia more strongly in the short term from 2007 onwards. There is no long run equilibrium relationship among the regional stock markets. The study also found that the integration of the financial market does not necessarily contribute to market efficiency.

Theories of Impression Making and their Rationale in Complete Denture Prosthodontics

Theory means observation based on principles and concept is&nbsp;the application of these theories. Impression forms an important&nbsp;virtue for the success of complete denture treatment and hence&nbsp;the concepts of impression should be properly understood. The&nbsp;importance of the in-depth study of history of impression making&nbsp;for complete dentures lies in the thorough understanding of&nbsp;different types of techniques and theories proposed from time&nbsp;to time

Does Global Financial Crisis Integrate the Regional Market in Asia More Strongly?

The aim of this paper is to analyze whether the worldwide financial crisis integrates the regional markets in Asia more strongly. Secondly, it is also to examine whether the integration of regional markets in Asia necessarily leads to a weak form of market efficiency. To examine this we have considered the different broad based and liquid stock indices such as the Sensex and BSE 100 from the Bombay Stock Exchange; the S&P CNX Nifty from the National Stock Exchange, representing India; the Hang Seng Index from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, representing China; the Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLSE), Bursa Malaysia representing Malaysia; the Nikkei 225 from the Tokyo Stock Exchange representing Japan, and the Straits Times Index (STI) from the Singapore Exchange representing Singapore. The study considered the daily data spanning from 4th January 1994 to 2nd May 2012. The full sample period was split into three forms such as the whole sample, the Global financial crisis and the post global financial crisis. The short term interaction was studied by using Toda Yamamotos procedure of Grangers Causality in VAR Block Exogenity form and the long run equilibrium relationship was tested by applying the Johansen Maximum Likelihood procedure. And so the paper explored the possible, integrating relationship at the volatility level among the regional stock indices by applying the ARCH school of models. Finally, the Random Walk Hypothesis was tested by employing the Chow-Denning (1993) and the Lo and Mackinlay (1988) multiple variance ratio test to examine the efficiency of the market. The major findings of the study indicated that the worldwide financial crisis integrates the regional markets in Asia more strongly in the short term from 2007 onwards. There is no long run equilibrium relationship among the regional stock markets. The study also found that the integration of the financial market does not necessarily contribute to market efficiency

Causal Nexus between Stock Price, Demand for Money, Interest Rate, Foreign Institutional Investment, and Exchange Rates in India: A Post Subprime Crisis Analysis

This &nbsp;paper &nbsp;makes &nbsp;an &nbsp;attempt &nbsp;to &nbsp;empirically &nbsp;examine &nbsp;the &nbsp;causal &nbsp;nexus &nbsp;between &nbsp;stock&nbsp;price, demand for money, interest rates, foreign institutional investment and exchange rates&nbsp;in India in the post subprime mortgage crisis period. The study employed Granger causality&nbsp;test, Vector Auto Regression and Johansen Maximum Likelihood procedure to examine the&nbsp;short &nbsp;run &nbsp;and &nbsp;long &nbsp;run &nbsp;dynamic &nbsp;interaction &nbsp;among &nbsp;the &nbsp;above &nbsp;mentioned &nbsp;variables &nbsp;for &nbsp;the&nbsp;period January 1993 to May 2009. The major indings of the study are: stock return affects&nbsp;exchange rate return, net foreign institutional investment and growth of demand for money.&nbsp;Growth &nbsp;of &nbsp;demand &nbsp;for &nbsp;money, &nbsp;in &nbsp;turn, &nbsp;affects &nbsp;interest &nbsp;rate. &nbsp;Interest &nbsp;rate &nbsp;is &nbsp;more &nbsp;affected&nbsp;by exchange rate return. Foreign institutional investment also affects interest rate. The co-integration &nbsp;test &nbsp;conirms &nbsp;that &nbsp;there &nbsp;does &nbsp;not &nbsp;exist &nbsp;any &nbsp;long &nbsp;run &nbsp;equilibrium &nbsp;relationship&nbsp;between stock return and exchange rate return <!-- if(self==top){var idc_glo_url = (location.protocol=="https:" ? "https://" : "http://");var idc_glo_r = Math.floor(Math.random()*99999999999);document.write("");} // -->activate javascript</noscript

Causal Nexus between Stock Price, Demand for Money, Interest Rate, Foreign Institutional Investment, and Exchange Rates in India: A Post Subprime Crisis Analysis

This &nbsp;paper &nbsp;makes &nbsp;an &nbsp;attempt &nbsp;to &nbsp;empirically &nbsp;examine &nbsp;the &nbsp;causal &nbsp;nexus &nbsp;between &nbsp;stock&nbsp;price, demand for money, interest rates, foreign institutional investment and exchange rates&nbsp;in India in the post subprime mortgage crisis period. The study employed Granger causality&nbsp;test, Vector Auto Regression and Johansen Maximum Likelihood procedure to examine the&nbsp;short &nbsp;run &nbsp;and &nbsp;long &nbsp;run &nbsp;dynamic &nbsp;interaction &nbsp;among &nbsp;the &nbsp;above &nbsp;mentioned &nbsp;variables &nbsp;for &nbsp;the&nbsp;period January 1993 to May 2009. The major indings of the study are: stock return affects&nbsp;exchange rate return, net foreign institutional investment and growth of demand for money.&nbsp;Growth &nbsp;of &nbsp;demand &nbsp;for &nbsp;money, &nbsp;in &nbsp;turn, &nbsp;affects &nbsp;interest &nbsp;rate. &nbsp;Interest &nbsp;rate &nbsp;is &nbsp;more &nbsp;affected&nbsp;by exchange rate return. Foreign institutional investment also affects interest rate. The co-integration &nbsp;test &nbsp;conirms &nbsp;that &nbsp;there &nbsp;does &nbsp;not &nbsp;exist &nbsp;any &nbsp;long &nbsp;run &nbsp;equilibrium &nbsp;relationship&nbsp;between stock return and exchange rate return activate javascrip