Evolución de la dieta y la actividad física de los estudiantes universitarios tras la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: valorar la evolución de la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el nivel de actividad física de los estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla-La Mancha durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y un año después de la misma. Método: estudio observacional transversal mediante cuestionarios sobre la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el nivel de actividad física. Participaron 893 alumnos matriculados en grados de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 575 en la primera encuesta (durante la pandemia) y 318 en la segunda (un año después). Por sexos, 672 mujeres y 221 hombres (en la primera encuesta, el 77,7 % eran mujeres y el 22,3 % hombres, mientras que en la segunda lo eran el 70,8 % y 29,2 %, respectivamente). La adherencia a la dieta mediterránea se valoró con el cuestionario Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) y el cuestionario de Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED), modificado. El nivel de actividad física se valoró con el cuestionario Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity Scale (RAPA). Resultados: tras un año desde el confinamiento por la COVID-19, el consumo de aceite de oliva casi se ha triplicado. Se ha duplicado también el consumo de frutas diario. De igual modo, se ha duplicado el consumo de vino y bebidas alcohólicas. Por el contrario, se encontró una reducción del consumo de mantequilla y margarina, al igual que de bebidas carbonatadas y azucaradas. Asimismo, aumentó significativamente el porcentaje de estudiantes universitarios con adherencia alta a la dieta mediterránea (del 26 % al 34,3 %). En cuanto al nivel de actividad física, ha aumentado significativamente el porcentaje de estudiantes universitarios que realizan actividad fisica ligera, moderada e incluso intensa de forma irregular. Este aumento no se ha encontrado en el caso de las actividades de fuerza muscular y flexibilidad. Conclusión: los resultados del estudio nos indican que, aunque los niveles de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y de actividad física han mejorado tras el confinamiento por la COVID-19, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el nivel de actividad física de la población universitaria analizada siguen siendo bajos. Es necesario aplicar estrategias para la consecución o mantenimiento de un estilo de vida saludable en dicha población.Objective: to assess the evolution of adherence to Mediterranean diet and level of physical activity of university students of Health Sciences in Castilla-La Mancha during the COVID-19 lockdown and one year afterwards. Methods: a cross-sectional observational study using questionnaires on adherence to the Mediterranean diet and level of physical activity. A total of 893 students enrolled in Health Sciences degrees at the University of Castilla la Mancha participated, 575 in the first survey (during the lockdown) and 318 in the second (one year later). By sex, 672 women and 221 men (in the first survey 77.7 % were women and 22.3 % men while in the second survey these were 70.8 % and 29.2 %, respectively). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed with the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) questionnaire and the modified Prevention with Mediterranean Diet (PREDIMED) questionnaire. The level of physical activity was assessed with the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity Scale (RAPA). Results: one year after the COVID-19 confinement, consumption of olive oil has almost tripled. Daily fruit consumption has also doubled. Similarly, the consumption of wine and alcoholic beverages has doubled. Conversely, there was a reduction in the consumption of butter and margarine, as well as of carbonated drinks and sweetened beverages. Likewise, the percentage of university students with high adherence to the Mediterranean diet increased significantly (from 26 % to 34.3 %). Regarding physical activity level, there was a significant increase in the percentage of university students who engaged in light, moderate and even intense physical activity on an irregular basis. This increase was not found in the case of muscular strength and flexibility training activities. Conclusion: the results of the study indicate that, although the levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and physical activity have improved after the COVID-19 confinement, adherence to Mediterranean diet and physical activity level among the university population analyzed is still low. It is necessary to implement strategies for the achievement or maintenance of a healthy lifestyle in this population

Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica y comorbilidad

Introduction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the diseases with the highest prevalence and mortality rates worldwide. In Spain, it is the third leading cause of death. Tobacco is its main  risk factor, so it is a preventable disease. We can define it as a complex and heterogeneous syndrome that  conditions both quality of life and the aging of those who suffer from it, especially in the last decades of life,  since it is accompanied by a not inconsiderable number of comorbidities that aggravate the evolution of the  it. Objectives. To understand the most prevalent comorbidities in COPD, as well as their relationship and possible influence on the progress of the disease. Material and methods. Bibliographic search in Pubmed and Cochrane using the terms "chronic obstructive  pulmonary disease" AND "comorbidities", applying different filters during the search. Results: The presence of comorbidity affects short and long term mortality. The relationship between comorbidity and COPD can be explained by the existence of systemic inflammation. Discussion. There is enough evidence to affirm that the presence of comorbidity is an unfavourable fact in terms of the evolution of the patient with COPD. Conclusions. A multidimensional assessment of the COPD patient is necessary, as well as comprehensive  and individualized care.  Introducción. La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es una de las patologías que mayores  tasas de prevalencia y mortalidad presenta a nivel mundial, en España representa la 3ª causa de muerte. El  tabaco es su principal causa, por lo que es una enfermedad prevenible. Se define como un síndrome  complejo y heterogéneo que condiciona tanto calidad de vida como envejecimiento de los que la padecen,  especialmente en las últimas décadas de la vida ya que se acompaña de un número de comorbilidades que  agravan la propia evolución de la enfermedad. Objetivos. Conocer las comorbilidades más prevalentes en la EPOC, así como su relación y posible influencia  en el progreso de esta. Material y métodos. Búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed y Crochrane haciendo uso de los términos “chronic  obstructive pulmonary disease” AND “comorbidities”, aplicando diferentes filtros durante la misma. Resultados. La presencia de comorbilidad en los pacientes con EPOC afecta a la mortalidad a largo y corto  plazo. Según la bibliografía resultante la relación existente entre comorbilidad y EPOC puede explicarse por  la existencia de inflamación sistémica. Discusión. Hay evidencias suficientes para afirmar que la presencia de comorbilidad es un hecho desfavorable en cuanto a evolución del paciente con EPOC.

Cancer in numbers: Do preventive measures for colorectal cancer apply?

Abstract: Introduction: Cancer is a global problem as it will affect one in three men and one in four women during their lifetime. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in men, after lung cancer, and is the second most common cancer in women after breast cancer. It is also the second leading cause of death in men and women separately, and is the second most common cause of cancer death if both genders are considered together. CRC accounts for approximately 10% of cancer deaths. Modifiable risk factors for CRC include smoking, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, processed meat consumption, and excessive alcohol consumption. CRC screening programs are possible in economically developed countries. However, attention should be paid in the future to geographically populated areas and western lifestyles. Objective: To evaluate the effect on the incidence and mortality of diet and lifestyle of CRC and to determine the effect of secondary prevention through the early diagnosis of CRC. Methodology: An exhaustive search of Medline and Pubmed articles related to primary and secondary prevention of CRC is carried out and a meta-analysis of the same blocks is carried out. Results: 301 items related to primary or secondary prevention of CRC were recovered. Of these, 177 were considered valid in the meta-analysis: 12 in epidemiology, 56 in diet and lifestyle, and over 77 different projections for the early detection of CRC. Cancer is a global problem as it will affect one in three men and one in four women during their lifetime. There is no question of which environmental factors, probably diet, may explain these cancer rates. Excessive consumption of alcohol and high cholesterol diet are associated with a high risk of colon cancer. A diet low in folic acid and vitamin B6 is also associated with an increased risk of developing colon cancer with overexpression of p53. Eating pulses at least three times a week reduces the risk of developing colon cancer by 33% after eating less meat, while eating brown rice at least once a week reduces the risk of CRC by 40%. These associations suggest a dose-response effect. Frequently eating cooked vegetables, nuts, nuts, legumes and brown rice has been associated with a lower risk of colorectal polyps. High calcium intake provides a protective effect against distal colon and rectum tumors compared to the proximal colon. Increased intake of dairy and calcium reduces the risk of colon cancer. Regularly taking aspirin (ASA) after being diagnosed with colon cancer is associated with less risk of dying from this cancer, especially among people who have COX-2 overexpressing tumors. However, these data do not contradict the data obtained on a possible genetic predisposition, even in sporadic or non-hereditary CRC. CRC is susceptible to detection because it is a serious health problem due to its high incidence and high associated morbidity / mortality. Conclusions: (1) Cancer is a global problem. (2) A modification of diet and lifestyle could reduce morbidity and mortality. (3) Early detection through screening improves prognosis and reduces mortality

Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Health-Related Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Cross-Sectional Study including Preschoolers, Children, and Adolescents from Brazil and Spain

Scientific literature has suggested positive associations between the Mediterranean diet (MD) and the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in young populations. However, to our knowledge, this relationship is unexplored during a situation of social isolation (i.e., lockdown). The objective of the current study is to examine the relationship between the MD and HRQoL during the COVID-19 lockdown among preschoolers, children, and adolescents from Brazil and Spain. This cross-sectional study includes a sample of 1099 three- to seventeen-year-old participants (47.6% girls) who were recruited via social networks. The HRQoL was assessed with the EQ-5D-Y. The Quality Index for Children and Teenagers (KIDMED) questionnaire was applied to evaluate the relationship between the MD and HRQoL. The highest prevalence of reported problems was found for worried, sad, or unhappy participants (39.8%). Furthermore, the lowest proportion of HRQoL problems was observed for “mobility” (2.5%). The proportion of high adherence to the MD was 44.3%. Participants with greater MD adherence reported higher HRQoL mean scores when compared with those who did not adhere to the MD (83.7 ± 0.6 vs. 85.6 ± 0.7, respectively; p < 0.05). Adherence to the MD and especially daily fruit intake were related to higher HRQoL during the COVID-19 lockdown among Brazilian and Spanish young people aged three to seventeen years