Transylvanian Folk Music in Zoltán Kodály's Compositions

Zoltán Kodály became seriously interested in Transylvanian folk music when he had learnt about the results of Béla Bartók's collecting fieldworks in Székelyföld. The wealth of old-style tunes and classical ballads, and – above all – the recognition of the importance of pentatony inspired Kodály to take part personally in the exploration of Székely folk music. Székely musical folklore obviously intrigued him both as an ethnographer and as a composer. He collected nearly 600 tunes in 15 Székely localities in the Gyergyó Basin, the valley of the Kászon stream, and Bukovina. He arranged 66 of these melodies within such compositions as e.g. the Dances of Marosszék, the musical play The Spinning Room, Hungarian Folk Music (57 ballads and folk songs for voice and piano), Székely Lament for mixed voices, Bicinia Hungarica, Kádár Kata and Molnár Anna (both with chamber orchestra accompaniment), and Pentatonic Music. Apart from his own collection, he also used those of some of his contemporaries. The paper discusses the specificities of Kodály's techniques of arrangement. His inspiring advice for younger folklorists had an essential role in triggering the in-depth investigation of Central Transylvanian folk music

CASE STUDY ON PRICING POLICY ON LIVESTOCK, MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS IN HUNGARY

In the last couple of years Hungarian economic policy has been concerned with reinforcing the transition to a market economy begun in 1989 as well as dealing with some of the consequences of transition. Despite the fact that Hungary was closer to a market economy than other centrally planned economies it still suffered the pains of transition, including: a sharp fall in output, high inflation and severe financial difficulties. Following a difficult period, macroeconomic indicators in 1993 were beginning to show signs of a turnaround. The negative rate of economic growth of- 12 percent in 1991 fell to -4.5 percent in 1992 and a growth rate around zero is expected for 1993. The rate of inflation, which peaked in 1991, declined to 23 percent in 1992 and is expected to remain the same level for 1993. The unemployment rate was around 13 percent in 1993. The agriculture sector and food industry are important for the Hungarian economy. In general, agriculture and food accounts for approximately 20 percent of GDP, 19 percent of total employnment and 25 percent of export. For example, in 1992, the agriculture sector accounted for 17 percent of GDP and employed 13 percent of the active population. The agricultural output increased in nominal terms in 1990 and 1991 but fell in 1992 and 1993 largely due to drought conditions. Input costs have been rising much more sharply that output prices. Because of this fact agriculture and food industries have been making losses in aggregate terms since 1991 . This is reflected in the large number of bankruptcies occuring.The loss of the COMECOM markets was a major factor contributing to these difficulties. The financial situation of the agriculture and food industry is a serious constraint on the process of restructuring. The number of bankruptcies has increased sharply as dept has accumulated and a shortage of credit led to cash flow difficulties. The livestock sector also declined in 1992 and 1993. Due to the rise in feed grain prices resulting from the 1992 and 1993 drought along with the continuing decline in both domestic and export market demand for livestock products over recent years, farmers have been decreasing the size of herds. Compared to 1991 pig numbers declined by 10.5 percent to 5.4 million head and pigs supplied for slaughter declined by 29 percent. Cattle stocks declined 18 percent to a total of 1.2 million head. Both production and consumption of milk declined, and the poultry industry contracted further

Hazai PVY izolátumok levéltetű átvitelében szerepet játszó gének molekuláris jellemzése = Molecular characterisation of genes playing role in aphid transmission of Hungarian PVY isolates

A potyvírusok levéltetű átviteléért a segítő fehérje (HC-Pro) és a köpenyfehérje (CP) három szakasza felelős: a HC-Pro amino-terminális végén található KITC motívum, a karboxi-terminális végén lévő PTK aminosav triplet és a CP DAG motívum. A burgonya Y vírus (PVY) általunk izolált, eltérő vektor hatékonyságú törzseit vizsgáltuk. A PVY-98, PVY-5 és PVY-111 törzsek HC-Pro és CP gének bázissorendjét meghatároztuk. A PVY törzsek HC-Pro fehérjéi nagyfokú hasonlóságot mutattak mind nukleinsav (98%), mind aminosav szinten (99%); a CP esetében a hasonlóság 91%, ill. 94% volt. A KITC, a PTK és a DAG motívum azonban teljesen megegyezett. Eredményeink azt bizonyítják, hogy a PVY levéltetű átvitelét szabályozó három aminosav motívumon kívül más tényezők is szerepet játszanak, mint pl. a HC-Pro és CP fehérje többi szakaszában talált aminosav különbségek. A PVY-5 és PVY-98 izolátumok HC-Pro génjét agrobaktérium vektorba klónoztuk és agrobaktériumba transzformáltuk. A zöld fluoreszcens proteinnel (GFP) transzformált transzgénikus növények segítségével vizsgáltuk a szuppresszor aktivitást. A PVY-98 és a PVY-H referencia izolátum HC-t tartalmazó klónnál sem lokális, sem szisztemikus csendesítés nem jött létre, a fluoreszkálás mértéke megegyező volt. A PVY-5 izolátumnál nem volt szuppresszió, a fehérje működésképtelen volt. A PVY-5 izolátumnál a szekvencia megváltozása stop kodont eredményezett. Így a fehérje karboxi-terminális vége nem íródott át, ezért vált működésképtelenné. | Three motifs of the helper component protease (HC-Pro) and the coat protein (CP) of potyviruses are involved in aphid transmission; KITC motif at the N-terminal of HC-Pro, PTK amino acid triplet at the C-terminal of HC-Pro and DAG motif of CP. HC-Pro and CP genes of Hungarian strains of Potato virus Y (PVY) with different aphid transmissibility were studied. Nucleotide sequences of the PVY-98, PVY-5 and PVY-111 were determined. Both nucleotide and amino acid sequences of HC-Pro proteins showed high similarity; 98% and 99%, respectively, while in the case of CP 91% and 94%, respectively. However KITC, PTK and DAG motifs were identical. According to our results, other factors also play role in aphid transmission of PVY beside the three conserved domains, such as alterations detected in other regions of HC-Pro and CP. HC-Pro and CP genes were cloned and transformed into Agrobacterium vector. Suppressor activity was examined using transgenic plants transformed with green fluorescence protein (GFP). With PVY-98 and PVY-H (as control strain) containing HC nor local neither systemic gene silencing occured, and they showed equal luminescence level. Controversially, there was not suppression with PVY-5, the protein proved to be non-functional. After checking the amino acid sequence of the PVY-5 isolate, a mutation that resulted in a stop codon was found. Thus, the C-terminal of the protein could not be translated and became non-functional

Két statikailag egyenértékű vasbeton födémszerkezet-kialakítás összehasonlítása

Monolit vasbeton vázas épületek tervezése és kivitelezése kapcsán állandó jelleggel felmerülő kérdés, hogy a födémszerkezet síklemezes vagy gombafejes formával alakítható ki gazdaságosabban. Ezen kérdéskör tisztázása és megvitatása az érintett szereplők, azaz a beruházó, a tervező és a kivitelező közös feladata, lehetőleg már a tervezés korai fázisában, majd ideális esetben közös döntéshozatal, hogy minden fél számára a legelőnyösebb szerkezeti kialakítást alkalmazzák. Cikkünkben ezen problémakörrel foglalkozunk, megvizsgáltuk mindkét födémtípus statikailag egyenértékű változatát és elsősorban arról számolunk be, hogy az egyes szerkezeti változatok mekkora fajlagos anyag-, illetve költségráfordítással valósíthatóak meg, mérlegelve az egyéb költségeket befolyásoló tényezőket, mint például az építési idő. Reméljük, hogy a cikk segíti a jövőbeni döntéseket ezen a területen

Kisüléssel gerjesztett lágy-röntgen lézer kutatása = Investigation of soft x-ray laser excited by discharge

A ˝Kisüléssel gerjesztett lágyröntgen lézer kutatása˝ című kutatási projekt (OTKA T/F 046811, 2004-2006) keretében létrehoztunk Magyarországon (PTE-en) egy működő, kapilláris z-pinch kisüléssel gerjesztett lágy röntgen (46.9 nm) lézert és hozzá a diagnosztikai rendszert, nevezetesen plazma diagnosztikai rendszert (áramerősség mérése Rogowsky tekercs segítségével), spektroszkópiai diagnosztika (röntgen monokromátorral), lézer intenzitás eloszlásának diagnosztikája foszfor ernyő konverterrel (röntgen -> látható), térbeli koherencia méréséhez Young-féle kettős apertúra interferenciás módszer. | In the frame of the project ˝Soft x-ray laser by capillary discharge˝ (OTKA T/F 046811), an operating capillary-discharge soft x-ray laser and diagnostics was built in Hungary (PTE). The laser beam and plasma diagnostics system includes: the time-resolved measurements of electrical current with Rogowsky coil, spectroscopic diagnostics with x-ray monochromator, optical diagnostics of the laser beam intensity with help of phosphor screen converter (x-ray radiation - visible light), measurements of laser beam spatial coherency by using Young-type double aperture interferometric method

Phylogenetic analysis of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) NSs protein demonstrates the isolated emergence of resistance-breaking strains in pepper

Resurgence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) worldwide as well as in Hungary causing heavy economic losses directed the attention to the factors con- tributing to the outbreak of this serious epidemics. The introgression of Tsw resistance gene into various pepper cultivars seemed to solve TSWV control, but widely used resistant pepper cultivars bearing the same, unique resis- tance locus evoked the rapid emergence of resistance- breaking (RB) TSWV strains. In Hungary, the sporadic appearance of RB strains in pepper-producing region was first observed in 2010–2011, but in 2012 it was detected frequently. Previously, the non-structural protein (NSs) encoded by small RNA (S RNA) of TSWV was verified as the avirulence factor for Tsw resistance, therefore we analyzed the S RNA of the Hungarian RB and wild type (WT) isolates and compared to previously analyzed TSWV strains with RB properties from different geographical origins. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the dif- ferent RB strains had the closest relationship with the local WT isolates and there is no conserved mutation present in all the NSs genes of RB isolates from different geograph- ical origins. According to these results, we concluded that the RB isolates evolved separately in geographic point of view, and also according to the RB mechanism

Molecular characterisation of Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 1889 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations in Hungary based on the ITS2 sequences

Thrips tabaci is comprised of morphologically indistinguishable ‘biotypes’or cryptic species with various host ranges, populations propagating by distinct modes and with different virus vector ability. T. tabaci ‘communis-type’ has wide host range while T. tabaci ‘tabaci-type’ is associated only with tobacco. Since tobacco was introduced to Europe only 500 years ago, we supposed that the differentiation of the T. tabaci ‘tabaci-type’ population had to begin on another host species that is native to the Palaearctic region. To observe the interaction between host plant preference and molecular characteristics, maximum likelihood tree based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of the rDNA (ITS2) of Thrips tabaci specimens collected on tobacco, onion, cabbage and distinct weed plants from various locations of Hungary was analysed. According to the results of the phylogenetic study the only common host for Thrips tabaci ‘tabaci-type’ and Thrips tabaci ‘communis-type’ was Solanum nigrum. This finding supported our hypothesis that the splitting process of the two main molecular clades could have happened on this solanaceous host species. To compare our results to that of the literature based on cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences further investigations with these markers (mitochondrial DNA markers) still needed