Anti histaminic effect of Chukku Chooranam for Eraippu Erumal Noi and Anti histaminic effect of Mayiliragu Saambal (Ash)

The drug Chukku Chooranam has been selected for the study to establish its efficacy in treating Eraippu Erumal. • A brief description pertaining to its botanical aspect, phytochemical constituents and gunapadam aspect has been referred. • A review of the literatures about the drug and its significance in medicine since ancient period has been done. • Collected information about the drug from various literatures and internet have been referred. • Bio-chemical analysis of the drug shows the presence of Sulphate, Chloride, Ferrous iron, Phosphate, Unsaturated compounds, Amino acids and trace amount of Calcium and their biological significance has also been mentioned. • Pharmacological analysis shows that the drug has got significant antispasmodic activity and anti-histamine activity. • From the clinical assessment, it is inferred that Chukku Chooranam has good efficacy in treating Eraippu Erumal. During the clinical trial the patients showed no untoward effects. • Biostatistical analysis also proved that this drug has got significant effect in treating Eraippu Erumal. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the drug Chukku Chooranam is an effective drug in Eraippu Erumal for reducing its severity and difficulties without producing any untoward effects

Effects of microplastics, pesticides and nano-materials on fish health, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanism

Microplastics and pesticides are emerging contaminants in the marine biota, which cause many harmful effects on aquatic organisms, especially on fish. Fish is a staple and affordable food source, rich in animal protein, along with various vitamins, essential amino acids, and minerals. Exposure of fish to microplastics, pesticides, and various nanoparticles generates ROS and induces oxidative stress, inflammation, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and DNA damage and alters gut microbiota, thus reducing the growth and quality of fish. Changes in fish behavioral patterns, swimming, and feeding habits were also observed under exposures to the above contaminants. These contaminants also affect the Nrf-2, JNK, ERK, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways. And Nrf2-KEAP1 signalling modulates redox status marinating enzymes in fish. Effects of pesticides, microplastics, and nanoparticles found to modulate many antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione system. So, to protect fish health from stress, the contribution of nano-technology or nano-formulations was researched. A decrease in fish nutritional quality and population significantly impacts on the human diet, influencing traditions and economics worldwide. On the other hand, traces of microplastics and pesticides in the habitat water can enter humans by consuming contaminated fish which may result in serious health hazards. This review summarizes the oxidative stress caused due to microplastics, pesticides and nano-particle contamination or exposure in fish habitat water and their impact on human health. As a rescue mechanism, the use of nano-technology in the management of fish health and disease was discussed

2‑Chloropropionamide As a Low-Reactivity Electrophile for Irreversible Small-Molecule Probe Identification

Resurgent interest in covalent target engagement in drug discovery has demonstrated that small molecules containing weakly reactive electrophiles can be safe and effective therapies. Several recently FDA-approved drugs feature an acrylamide functionality to selectively engage cysteine side chains of kinases (Ibrutinib, Afatinib, and Neratinib). Additional electrophilic functionalities whose reactivity is compatible with highly selective target engagement and <i>in vivo</i> application could open new avenues in covalent small molecule discovery. Here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a library of small molecules containing the 2-chloropropionamide functionality, which we demonstrate is less reactive than typical acrylamide electrophiles. Although many library members do not appear to label proteins in cells, we identified <i>S</i>-CW3554 as selectively labeling protein disulfide isomerase and inhibiting its enzymatic activity. Subsequent profiling of the library against five diverse cancer cell lines showed unique cytotoxicity for <i>S</i>-CW3554 in cells derived from multiple myeloma, a cancer recently reported to be sensitive to PDI inhibition. Our novel PDI inhibitor highlights the potential of 2-chloropropionamides as weak and stereochemically tunable electrophiles for covalent drug discovery

Selection and validation of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in Barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.) under varied abiotic stress conditions

Abstract Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using a stable reference gene is widely used for gene expression research. Barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.) is an ancient crop in Asia and Africa that is widely cultivated for food and fodder. It thrives well under drought, salinity, cold, and heat environmental conditions, besides adapting to any soil type. To date, there are no gene expression studies performed to identify the potential candidate gene responsible for stress response in barnyard millet, due to lack of reference gene. Here, 10 candidate reference genes, Actin (ACT), α-tubulin (α-TUB), β-tubulin (β-TUB), RNA pol II (RP II), elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), TATA-binding protein-like factor (TLF), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2 (UBC2), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L5 (UBC5) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), were selected from mRNA sequences of E. crus-galli and E. colona var frumentacea. Five statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt, and RefFinder) were applied to determine the expression stabilities of these genes in barnyard millet grown under four different abiotic stress (drought, salinity, cold and heat) exposed at different time points. The UBC5 and ɑ-TUB in drought, GAPDH in salinity, GAPDH and APRT in cold, and EF-1α and RP II in heat were the most stable reference genes, whereas ß-TUB was the least stable irrespective of stress conditions applied. Further Vn/Vn + 1 analysis revealed two reference genes were sufficient to normalize gene expression across all sample sets. The suitability of identified reference genes was validated with Cu-ZnSOD (SOD1) in the plants exposed to different abiotic stress conditions. The results revealed that the relative quantification of the SOD1 gene varied according to reference genes and the number of reference genes used, thus highlighting the importance of the choice of a reference gene in such experiments. This study provides a foundational framework for standardizing RT-qPCR analyses, enabling accurate gene expression profiling in barnyard millet

Diffusion of business improvement processes in manufacturing companies in India

Manufacturing organisations spend more on Business Process Improvement initiatives to make them more competitive in growing global market. This paper presents a Rapid Improvement Workshop (RIW) framework which companies can used to identify the critical factors regulating the diffusion of business process improvement in their company. The framework can then be used address how process improvement can be efficiently implemented. We use the results from case studies at Caterpillar India. The paper identifies the critical factors that contribute to the successful implementation of process improvement programs in manufacturing organisations. We further identify certain technological and cultural barriers to the implementation of process improvement programs and how Indian manufacturing companies can overcome these barriers to attain competitive advantage in the global markets

Razvoj i ispitivanje kontinuiranog tipa separatora semena mahunarki

A continuous type tamarind deseeder with a capacity of 75 kg•h-1 has been fabricated and evaluated at the Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. The machine consists of a seed separation unit and separate outlets for the seeds and deseeded fruits. In the seed separation unit, the fruits were subjected to impact and simultaneous shearing force by pegs mounted on the wooden roller to break open the fruit and to push the seeds out of the oblong sieve. After deseeding, the seeds and fruit pulp were collected separately through their respective outlets. The performance of the developed machine was evaluated based on deseeding efficiency. Evaluation was done by conducting experiments at different operating conditions including different moisture content of tamarind fruit (20.0, 22.5 and 25.0% on dry basis) and varying wooden roller speed (2.5, 3.4 and 4.2 m•s-1), feed rate (45, 60 and 75 kg•h-1) and horizontal clearance (14, 16 and 18 mm). The test results of the machine showed that a maximum deseeding efficiency of 89.15% was found at 22.5 percent moisture content on dry basis, with the wooden roller speed of 3.4 m•s-1, feed rate of 45 kg•h-1 and 16 mm horizontal clearance. As compared to existing manual methods of deseeding, the continuous type tamarind deseeder unit recorded 93.34 % saving in time and 74.9 % saving in operation cost.Kontinuirani tip separatora semena iz mahuna kapaciteta 75 kg•h-1 konstruisan je i ispitivan u Institutu za inženjering prehrambenih i poljoprivrednih procesa Poljoprivrednog univerziteta Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India. Mašina se sastoji od separatorske jedinice i izlaza za izdvojeno seme i prazne mahune. U separatorskoj jedinici mahune su istovremeno izlagane silama udara i sečenja od klinova postavljenih na drveni valjak, koji lome i otvaraju mahune i istovremeno guraju seme napolje iz duguljastog sita. Posle izdvajanje semena, seme i prazne mahune se skupljaju odvojeno iz razdvojenih izlaznih otvora. Performanse razvijene mašine su ocenjivane na osnovu efikasnosti separacije. Pri ispitivanju su izvođeni ogledi u različitim uslovima rada, uključujući različite: vlažnosti plodova (20.0, 22.5 i 25.0%), brzine valjka (2.5, 3.4 i 4.2 m•s-1), protoke mase (45, 60 i 75 kg•h-1) i horizontalne zazore (14, 16 i 18 mm). Rezultati ogleda su pokazali da je mašina postigla maksimalnu efikasnost separacije od 89.15% pri: vlažnosti od 22.5%, brzini valjka od 3.4 m•s-1, protoku mase od 45 kg•h-1 i zazoru od 16 mm. U poređenju sa postojećim ručnim postupcima separacije, kontinuirani tip separatora postigao je skraćenje radnog vremena od 93.34% i smanjenje troškova rada od 74.9%

Arylboronate Ester Based Diazeniumdiolates (BORO/NO), a Class of Hydrogen Peroxide Inducible Nitric Oxide (NO) Donors

Here, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of arylboronate ester based diazeniumdiolates (BORO/NO), a class of nitric oxide (NO) donors activated by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a reactive oxygen species (ROS), to generate NO. We provide evidence for the NO donors’ ability to permeate bacteria to produce NO when exposed to H₂O₂ supporting possible applications for BORO/NO to study molecular mechanisms of NO generation in response to elevated ROS

Substituent Effects on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation by Hydroquinones

In order to understand the structural aspects of stabilization of hydroquinones and their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), we designed and synthesized a series of 6-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoquinones. These compounds equilibrate with the corresponding 6-aryl-1,4-dihydroxybenzenes in an organic medium; a linear free energy relationship analysis gave ρ = +2.37, suggesting that this equilibrium was sensitive to electronic effects. The propensity of the compound to enolize appears to determine ROS-generating capability, thus offering scope for tunable ROS generation

Characterization of Atypical Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PTK) Genes and Their Role in Abiotic Stress Response in Rice

Tyrosine phosphorylation constitutes up to 5% of the total phophoproteome. However, only limited studies are available on protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that catalyze protein tyrosine phosphorylation in plants. In this study, domain analysis of the 27 annotated PTK genes in rice genome led to the identification of 18 PTKs with tyrosine kinase domain. The kinase domain of rice PTKs shared high homology with that of dual specificity kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) of Arabidopsis. In phylogenetic analysis, rice PTKs clustered with receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases-VII (RLCKs-VII) of Arabidopsis. mRNAseq analysis using Genevestigator revealed that rice PTKs except PTK9 and PTK16 express at moderate to high level in most tissues. PTK16 expression was highly abundant in panicle at flowering stage. mRNAseq data analysis led to the identification of drought, heat, salt, and submergence stress regulated PTK genes in rice. PTK14 was upregulated under all stresses. qRT-PCR analysis also showed that all PTKs except PTK10 were significantly upregulated in root under osmotic stress. Tissue specificity and abiotic stress mediated differential regulation of PTKs suggest their potential role in development and stress response of rice. The candidate dual specificity PTKs identified in this study paves way for molecular analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation in rice