1,545 research outputs found
Crowded-Field Astrometry with the Space Interferometry Mission - I. Estimating the Single-Measurement Astrometric Bias Arising from Confusion
The accuracy of position measurements on stellar targets with the future
Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) will be limited not only by photon noise and
by the properties of the instrument (design, stability, etc.) and the overall
measurement program (observing strategy, reduction methods, etc.), but also by
the presence of other "confusing" stars in the field of view (FOV). We use a
simple "phasor" model as an aid to understanding the main effects of this
"confusion bias" in single observations with SIM. This analytic model has been
implemented numerically in a computer code and applied to a selection of
typical SIM target fields drawn from some of the Key Projects already accepted
for the Mission. We expect that less than 1% of all SIM targets will be
vulnerable to confusion bias; we show that for the present SIM design,
confusion may be a concern if the surface density of field stars exceeds 0.4
star/arcsec^2. We have developed a software tool as an aid to ascertaining the
possible presence of confusion bias in single observations of any arbitrary
field. Some a priori knowledge of the locations and spectral energy
distributions of the few brightest stars in the FOV is helpful in establishing
the possible presence of confusion bias, but the information is in general not
likely to be available with sufficient accuracy to permit its removal. We
discuss several ways of reducing the likelihood of confusion bias in crowded
fields. Finally, several limitations of the present semi-analytic approach are
reviewed, and their effects on the present results are estimated. The simple
model presented here provides a good physical understanding of how confusion
arises in a single SIM observation, and has sufficient precision to establish
the likelihood of a bias in most cases.Comment: 28 pages, 20 figures, 1 table; to appear in December 2007 issue of
PAS
Murine terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase: cellular distribution and response to cortisone
The mouse thymus contains two forms of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) which are distinguishable by the salt concentration necessary to elute them from a phosphocellulose column, by their distrubtion among the thymocyte subpopulations, and by their sensitivity to cortisone treatment. In the whole thymus the later eluting peak (peak II) is the predominant one with about 3-10% of the total activity appearing in peak I. Both peak I and peak II activities are most sensitively assayed by the polymerization of dGMP onto an oligo(dA) primer. The minor population of thymocytes which is less dense and cortisone-resistant contains a higher specific activity of peak I TdT. The majority of TdT activity is, however, found in the major population of thymocytes which occurs in the center region of a bovine serum albumin gradient and is cortisone-sensitive. A very low level of an activity indistinguishable from peak II TdT activity is also detected in the mouse bone marrow. Other tissues, such as spleen, liver, heart, and brain lack detectable amounts of TdT activity
AMERICA'S FORGOTTEN PEOPLE AND PLACES: ENDING THE LEGACY OF POVERTY IN THE RURAL SOUTH
This study focuses on the longstanding impoverishment of the rural South and three of its subregions-Appalachia, the Mississippi Delta, and the Black Belt. The poor quality of life in rural Appalachia and along the Mississippi Delta has been publically acknowledged by programs and commissions for improving conditions. However, the more comprehensive Black Belt subregion that links parts of Southern Appalachia and the Southern Delta has not received such regional policy attention. While the South as a whole is more rural and impoverished than other U.S. regions, this is largely due to the poor conditions in the Black Belt. In addition to region and rurality, a third feature of the pattern is race. It is in the Black Belt that the South's poor socioeconomic conditions are most concentrated. Policy and program attention are needed for regional solutions that take rurality and race into account along with demographic and other subregional characteristics.Appalachia, Black Belt, Mississippi Delta, policy, poverty, quality of life, rural, South, Community/Rural/Urban Development,
Control and coherence of the optical transition of single defect centers in diamond
We demonstrate coherent control of the optical transition of single
Nitrogen-Vacancy defect centers in diamond. On applying short resonant laser
pulses, we observe optical Rabi oscillations with a half-period as short as 1
nanosecond, an order of magnitude shorter than the spontaneous emission time.
By studying the decay of Rabi oscillations, we find that the decoherence is
dominated by laser-induced spectral jumps. By using a low-power probe pulse as
a detuning sensor and applying post-selection, we demonstrate that spectral
diffusion can be overcome in this system to generate coherent photons.Comment: 5 pages,4 figure
Some Lake Level Control Alternatives for the Great Salt Lake
Fluctuations of the level of the Great Salt Lake cause large changes in both surface area and shoreline. Developments adjacent to the lake have been damaged by both high and low lake levels; and unless measures are implemented to regulate lake level fluctuations or otherwise to protect these developments, damages will continue. Various possible managment alternatives for mitigating potential damages from lake level fluctuations need to be examined and evaluated. In this study, three possible techniques are examined for reducing damages from fluctuating water levels at the lake, namely: 1. Consumptively using an increased proportion of the inflowing fresh waters on irrigated crop lands during periods of high lake inflow. 2. Protecting important properties and facilities around the lake through the construction of a system of dikes. 3. Removing lake water through pumping into the West Dester for evaporation. The above three alternatives are evaluated only for economic feasibility, with physical, legal, and institutional constraints being neglected. The philosophy behind this approach was that if economic feasibility could be demonstrated, other investigations could follow. With reference to the first alternative, the additional irrigation is assumed to occur within the Bear River Basin. The Bear River, which contributes approximately 56 percent of the total inflow to the Great Salt Lake, drains the only tributary basin which contains significant areas of irrigable but not yet irrigated lands. A reconnaissance level economic analysis of each of the above management alternatives is presented. Bapital and annual costs are estimated and compared with estimates of the flood control venefits generated. The overall feasibility, the optimum design, and the optimum time of construction are thus determined for each alternative. From the results of the study, it is concluded that irrigation in the Bear River Basin, except perhaps as part of a multiple purpose project, and the West Desert pumping alternatives are not economically feasible. Particular configurations of the dike alternatives are economically attracive if construction is commenced when lake levels rise to elevations exceeding 4202 feet
The Formation of Molecular Clouds
In a recent paper, Elmegreen (2000) has made a cogent case, from an
observational point of view, that the lifetimes of molecular clouds are
comparable to their dynamical timescales. If so, this has important
implications for the mechanisms by which molecular clouds form. In particular
we consider the hypothesis that molecular clouds may form not by {\it in situ}
cooling of atomic gas, but rather by the agglomeration of the dense phase of
the interstellar medium (ISM), much, if not most, of which is already in
molecular form.Comment: 6 pages, no figures, accepted on 20 June 2001 for publication in
MNRA
Time-Resolved Ultraviolet Observations of the Globular Cluster X-ray Source in NGC 6624: The Shortest Known Period Binary System
Using the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope,
we have obtained the first time-resolved spectra of the King et al.
ultraviolet-bright counterpart to the 11-minute binary X-ray source in the core
of the globular cluster NGC 6624. This object cannot be readily observed in the
visible, even from HST, due to a much brighter star superposed <0.1'' distant.
Our FOS data show a highly statistically significant UV flux modulation with a
period of 11.46+-0.04 min, very similar to the 685 sec period of the known
X-ray modulation, definitively confirming the association between the King et
al. UV counterpart and the intense X-ray source. The UV amplitude is very large
compared with the observed X-ray oscillations: X-ray variations are generally
reported as 2-3% peak-to-peak, whereas our data show an amplitude of about 16%
in the 126-251 nm range. A model for the system by Arons & King predicts
periodic UV fluctuations in this shortest-known period binary system, due to
the cyclically changing aspect of the X-ray heated face of the secondary star
(perhaps a very low mass helium degenerate). However, prior to our
observations, this predicted modulation has not been detected. Employing the
Arons & King formalism, which invokes a number of different physical
assumptions, we infer a system orbital inclination 35deg<i<50 deg. Amongst the
three best-studied UV/optical counterparts to the intense globular cluster
X-ray sources, two are now thought to consist of exotic double-degenerate
ultrashort period binary systems.Comment: 10 pages including 2 figures in Latex (AASTeX 4.0). Accepted for
publication in vol. 482 (1997 June 10 issue) of The Astrophysical Journal
(Letters
The Metal-Enriched Outer Disk of NGC 2915
We present optical emission-line spectra for outlying HII regions in the
extended neutral gas disk surrounding the blue compact dwarf galaxy NGC 2915.
Using a combination of strong-line R23 and direct oxygen abundance
measurements, we report a flat, possibly increasing, metallicity gradient out
to 1.2 times the Holmberg radius. We find the outer-disk of NGC 2915 to be
enriched to a metallicity of 0.4 Z_solar. An analysis of the metal yields shows
that the outer disk of NGC 2915 is overabundant for its gas fraction, while the
central star-foming core is similarly under-abundant for its gas fraction. Star
formation rates derived from very deep ~14 ks GALEX FUV exposures indicate that
the low-level of star formation observed at large radii is not sufficient to
have produced the measured oxygen abundances at these galactocentric distances.
We consider 3 plausible mechanisms that may explain the metal-enriched outer
gaseous disk of NGC 2915: radial redistribution of centrally generated metals,
strong galactic winds with subsequent fallback, and galaxy accretion. Our
results have implications for the physical origin of the mass-metallicity
relation for gas-rich dwarf galaxies.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, accepted to ApJ April 8th, 201
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