Development and modeling of iron-gallium alloys

Alloys of iron substituted with non-magnetic gallium (Galfenol) appear promising as mechanically robust actuator/sensing materials. They offer desirable properties including tensile strengths and magnetostrictive strains, respectively, on the order of 100 MPa and 100 x 10-6. To advance the understanding of these materials, this dissertation examines the alloys\u27 magnetic and mechanical response as a function of applied magnetic field, mechanical stress, temperature, stoichiometry and crystallographic morphology. Characterizations of the alloys\u27 single-crystal magneto strictive, elastic and plastic properties are used to facilitate the development and modeling of polycrystalline forms of the material having preferred crystallographic orientations (i.e. texture). The polycrystalline forms have potentially higher production yields and superior mechanical properties over those of single crystals. Irongallium alloys textured by different manufacturing processes reveal which production methods result in the most desirable magnetostrictive and mechanical performance envelopes. Growth and deformation processing techniques such as directional solidification, extrusion, forging and rolling were used to impart a variety of different texture distributions. Single-crystal tensile test were used to determine the material\u27s elastic constants, yield stress, slip systems and their critical resolved shear stress as well as ultimate strength and percent elongation. Observations of the single-crystal alloys\u27 remarkable in-plane auxeticity (or negative Poisson\u27s ratio) and quadratic correlations of the Poisson\u27s ratio magnitude to the level of gallium substitution are reported. Potential applications based on in-plane auxeticity are explored. Elastic properties, as determined from tensile testing on single-crystal specimens, provided the basis for the development and use of a M&barbelow;agnetostrictive M&barbelow;icromechanics F&barbelow;inite-E&barbelow;lement M&barbelow;odel (MMFEM) that captured the coupled magnetic and mechanical behavior of polycrystalline specimens. The MMFEM correctly reflects the bulk magnetostrictive capability of polycrystalline specimens having well-characterized texture distributions and provides a tool for predicting the magnetostrictive performance of textures yet to be produced

Creating Oral History Collections in Digital Commons

Furman University has seen a boom in the creation of oral histories over the past several years. This presentation will look at two of their oral history collections and discuss how they are built and presented within Digital Commons. The Furman University Oral Histories project contains historical histories digitized nearly a decade ago with limited metadata and poor audio/video quality. The Oral Histories of Columbian Textile Workers in Greenville, South Carolina is a new collection of recent histories which contain videos, Spanish/English translations, transcripts, and robust metadata. The presenters will discuss the benefits and challenges of each collection as they fit into the Digital Commons framework. Their presentation will address: using the book gallery structure to build the digital collections, options for hosting streaming video, working with audio-only files, captioning, transcriptions, metadata customization, and design. At the end of the presentation, attendees should have a good understanding of one method to successfully build and manage an oral history collection within Digital Commons

Simple Sprinkler Performance Testing for Washington County

This fact sheet describes how to perform a site inspection and a sprinkler test so you can irrigate your landscape more efficiently, and provides an irigation schedule for Washington County

Loads on Box Culverts under High Embankments: Analysis and Design Considerations

Pressure and design analyses of five reinforced concrete box culverts are presented. Three of the culverts were constructed with the imperfect trench. Measured pressures on the culverts are compared to pressures predicted by the theories of Marston, Spangler, and Castes. Also, comparisons are made between measured pressures and calculated design pressures using AASHTO\u27s Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 1.2.2(A). It is noted that the imperfect trench is, apparently, effective in reducing pressures on the top slab. The AASHTO design formulas underestimated the pressure on the top slab of the culverts without the imperfect trench

Establishment and management of switchgrass for forage and biofuel under irrigation

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a warm-season perennial grass that has been grown for seed for more than 30 years in the Columbia Basin. Switchgrass and other selected perennial warm-season grasses (WSG) can also be successfully grown in the hotter, irrigated regions of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) as feedstock for cellulosic biofuel or forage for livestock. Research studies were first established with switchgrass and other WSG at Washington State University Prosser in 2002. More than a decade later, this initial planting of switchgrass remained productive. After the establishment year, sprinkler-irrigated WSG fields were harvested twice per season for biofuel and as many as five times for pasture. By understanding and following the guidelines in this publication, we have maintained relatively dense, productive stands (specific to the species and variety) for years. We recognize switchgrass and many perennial WSG to be "sustainable" when properly managed. To accomplish the goal of long-term sustainable forage and feedstock production, the crop must be established properly, which is the focus of this publication. Variety differences for number of seeds per pound, optimum planting time, weed control practices, growth and development above- and belowground, and establishment year yields of switchgrass under irrigation in the PNW are compared. This publication encapsulates many of our experiences, research results, and recommendations with pre- and post-seeding management and early switchgrass seedling development under irrigation. Guidelines are provided so growers and researchers may avoid critical errors when establishing switchgrass in the irrigated Inland PNW. The goal is to have each planted acre of switchgrass result in a successful stand that overwinters to produce high biomass yields for many years. The principles discussed apply to either forage or biofuel feedstock production when grown under irrigation

The Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-PAV from Wheat in Turkey

We report the sequence of an assembled genome of Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) from Turkey. This 5,672 nucleotide RNA encodes seven known open reading frames and a possible eighth. This genome from wheat is closely related to BYDV-PAVs in Pakistan, Brazil, and Australia, including one sequenced 34 years ago.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, International Postdoctoral Research Scholarship Program (TUBITAK-BIDEB); Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (NKU-BAP) [NKUBAP.03.GA.21.289]; Iowa State University Plant Sciences Institute; DARPA Insect Allies Program; Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA - Hatch Act [4308]; State of Iowa fundsThis study was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, International Postdoctoral Research Scholarship Program (TUBITAK-BIDEB), and Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (NKU-BAP, Project No: NKUBAP.03.GA.21.289) to H.I., and the Iowa State University Plant Sciences Institute and the DARPA Insect Allies Program funding to W.A.M. This paper of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA, Project No. 4308 was supported in part by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds

Teacher Training Manual for the Christian Education Program of Bethesda Church

Current teacher training in local churches often consists of asking a teacher to read pre-developed curriculum and follow the publishers’ instructions. Teachers are not being taught to critically evaluate the materials, and as a result they simply follow the directions provided. The purpose of this project is to train teachers in the local church in basic theology, hermeneutics, and preparing a Bible lesson. As a result, teachers will be trained to study Scripture and evaluate lessons based on Scriptural truth, and to prepare their own lesson plans. Recruiting and retaining teachers will become more effective as a result of providing this training to the teachers

Delta E effect in Terfenol D and its application in a tunable mechanical resonator

The variability of Young's modulus in giant magnetostrictive Terfenol-D has a significant impact on the performance of Terfenol-D transducers. While elastic modulus variability introduces nonlinearities in the transducer input/output relationship that are often deemed undesirable, it also affords opportunities for achieving novel device performance attributes. Terfenol-D's modulus of elasticity can be changed by four-fold or more during operation through the variation of a d.c. applied magnetic field. This thesis describes research conducted to better understand and demonstrate the potential use for modulus variability to control transducer stiffness in real time and thereby achieve desired changes in the device performance. The first part of this thesis focuses on a study of the blocked force characteristics of a Terfenol-D transducer and provides data typical of output-force strain relationships under controlled thermal, magnetic, and mechanical loading conditions. The design and construction of the transducers used in these investigations are described. Results of compression tests for a range of applied magnetic fields and two initial mechanical stress states are used to generate load lines and the blocked force characteristics for the transducer. These test data are examined to quantify the variability in Young's modulus with applied magnetic field, strain and stress. In the second part of the thesis, the effect of Terfenol-D's modulus of elasticity variability is examined under quasi-static cyclic stress and d.c. applied magnetic field conditions. This guides the development and testing of a transducer employed as a wide-band variable frequency mechanical resonator. The design and construction of such a wide-band mechanical resonator for testing under controlled thermal, magnetic and dynamic mechanical load conditions are described. Controllable elastic modulus changes, the [Delta Epsilon subscript H2H1]-effect, approaching 266% are demonstrated in the mechanical resonator utilizing a range of d.c. applied magnetic field levels of less than 61.0 kA/m. Additionally, an increase in the transducer stiffness with a decrease in the externally imposed cyclic stress amplitudes is observed