Un patrimoine redécouvert : les dépôts du Centre national des arts plastiques à l’École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris (1809-1923)

Héritier de l’un des services de la division des Beaux-Arts, des Sciences et des Spectacles créée en 1791 pour soutenir la création vivante, le Centre national des arts plastiques a entrepris depuis 1996 un récolement de l’ensemble des œuvres acquises et commandées par l’État depuis la Révolution française. L’opération entreprise à l’École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts (ENSBA), à Paris, a permis d’identifier l’attribution à cet établissement d’un lot de près de 15 000 pièces d’une exceptionnelle diversité, principalement destinées à enrichir le « musée des études » fondé officiellement le 17 septembre 1834, ainsi que les réserves de la bibliothèque, ouverte en 1863. À partir du dépouillement exhaustif des archives de l’administration des Beaux-Arts (Archives nationales, série F21) et de l’École nationale des beaux-arts (série AJ 52), les investigations conduites ont montré que la nature de ces dépôts était intimement liée aux évolutions pédagogiques et institutionnelles de l’École, comme l’illustrent la prédominance des maquettes et des moulages au cours de la période néoclassique, l’attribution de copies peintes sous le Second Empire, conséquence logique de la création des ateliers de peinture en 1863, ou encore le dépôt de nombreux dessins à caractère ornemental, destinés à accompagner, sous la Troisième République, la mise en place des nouveaux cours d’art décoratifs.The Centre national des Arts plastiques, the national centre for the plastic arts, is the heir to a service of fine arts, sciences and theatre first created in 1791 in order to support artistic creation. In 1996, the Centre undertook a retrospective inventory of all the works of art commissioned and purchased by the State since the French Revolution. The part of the inventory carried out at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts (ENSBA), the Paris fine arts school, permitted the identification of a remarkably diversified collection of about 15,000 items which were deposited at this school, intended principally for the ‘study museum’, officially founded on 17 September 1834, or the reserve collections of the library, opened in 1863. By a close examination of the archives left by the fine arts administration and by the administration of the school itself (series F 21 and AJ 52 at the national archives), we were able to show how these deposits were closely related to the pedagogical and institutional evolutions of the school. Illustrations of this conclusion are to be seen in the number of models and plaster casts given to the school during the neo-classical period, the number of copies of paintings during the Second Empire—the logical consequence of the creation of painting ateliers in 1863—or the number of ornamental drawings during the Third Republic, destined to accompany the new courses in the decorative arts

Enhanced recruitment of genetically modified CX3CR1-positive human T cells into Fractalkine/CX3CL1 expressing tumors: importance of the chemokine gradient.

BACKGROUND: Adoptive T-cell based immunotherapies constitute a promising approach to treat cancer, however, a major problem is to obtain effective and long-lasting anti-tumor responses. Lack of response may be due to insufficient trafficking of specific T cells to tumors. A key requirement for efficient migration of cytotoxic T cells is that they express chemokine receptors that match the chemokines produced by tumor or tumor-associated cells. METHODS: In this study, we investigated whether the in vivo tumor trafficking of activated T cells could be enhanced by the expression of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Two human colorectal cancer cell lines were used to set up a xenograft tumor model in immunodeficient mice; the NCI-H630, constitutively expressing the chemokine ligand CX3CL1 (Fractalkine), and the RKO cell line, transduced to express CX3CL1. RESULTS: Human primary T cells were transduced with the receptor CX3CR1-eGFP. Upon in vivo adoptive transfer of genetically modified CX3CR1-T cells in mice bearing NCI-H630 tumors, enhanced lymphocyte migration and tumor trafficking were observed, compared to mice receiving Mock-T cells, indicating improved homing ability towards ligand-expressing tumor cells. Furthermore, significant inhibition of tumor growth was found in mice receiving modified CX3CR1-T cells. In contrast, tumors formed by RKO cells transduced with the ligand (RKO-CX3CL1) were not affected, nor more infiltrated upon transfer of CX3CR1-T lymphocytes, likely because high levels of the chemokine were shed by tumor cells in the systemic circulation, thus nullifying the blood-tissue chemokine gradient. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that ectopic expression of CX3CR1 enhanced the homing of adoptively transferred T cells towards CX3CL1-producing tumors, resulting in increased T cell infiltration in tumor tissues and decreased tumor growth. Our results also establish that a correct chemokine gradient between the systemic circulation and the tumor is an essential requirement in adoptive T-cell based immunotherapy to efficiently recruit T cell effectors at the correct sites