The Relation of French and English as Foreign Languages in Algeria

In 1962, the call for Independence in Algeria was accompanied by the proclamation of Classical Arabic as the national language of the new Algerian nation. The French language was maintained for several reasons. Firstly, Algeria needed a prestige language like French for its worldwide communication. Secondly, a considerable number of Algerian teachers and professionals were already trained in French. Thirdly, French cooperation was needed to ensure continuity in education. After more than twenty five years of Independence, Algerian professionals, scientists and scholars who aspire to the world of science and technology soon discovered that today's password is generally English. French, one of the great languages of science over the centuries, has suffered an obvious decline in the global international arena. New elements appear to have set the Algerian linguistic scene for substantive changes. The future of French as a scientific language is inextricably bound up with what happens internationally. This point came through loud and clear in the opinions and views expressed by informants who took part in this research. The questions one might ask here are: can language like French which is declining as a scientific language retain ground in Algeria which needs to acquire western science and technology (almost always handled in English) for its economic development? Are educated Algerians changing their attitudes towards French? Is there an undercurrent in favour of English? The purpose of this study is to answer these questions by examining the conflicts over national language planning, by analysing how the policy of Arabization affected in the long term the status of French in Algeria and how educated Algerians react to the use of French and English. It is also our task here to discuss the sociolinguistic issues related to the maintenance of French and the possibility of a shift towards English

Collective Intelligence for Optimal Power Flow Solution Using Ant Colony Optimization

This paper presents the performance ant collective intelligence efficiency for electrical network. Solutions for Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem of a power system deliberate via an ant colony optimization metaheuristic method. The objective is to minimize the total fuel cost of thermal generating units and also conserve an acceptable system performance in terms of limits on generator real and reactive power outputs, bus voltages, shunt capacitors/reactors, transformers tap-setting and power flow of transmission lines. Simulation results on the IEEE 30-bus electrical network show that the ant colony optimization method converges quickly to the global optimum

Automatic Bridge between BPMN Models and UML Activity Diagrams based on Graph Transformation

Model Driven Engineering (MDE) provides available tools, concepts and languages to create and transform models. One of the most important successes of MDE is model transformation; it permits transforming models used by one community to equivalent models used by another one. Moreover, each community of developers has its own tools for verification, testing and test case generation. Hence, a developer of one community who moves to work with another community needs a transformation process from the second community to (his/her) own community and vice versa. Therefore, the target community can benefit from the expertise of the source one and the developers do not begin from zero.In this context, we propose in this paper an automatic transformation to create a bridge between the BPMN and UML communities. We propose an approach and a visual tool for the automatic transformation of BPMN models to UML Activity Diagrams (UML-AD). The proposed approach is based on Meta-Modeling and Graph Transformation, and uses the AToM3 tool. Indeed, we were inspired by the OMG meta-models of BPMN and UML-AD and implemented versions of both meta-models using AToM3. This last allows generating automatically a visual modeling tool for each proposed meta-model. Based on these two meta-models, we propose a graph grammar composed of sixty rules that perform the transformation process. The proposed approach is illustrated through three case studies

Strictly periodic points and periodic factors of cellular automata

We show that the set of strictly temporally periodic points of cellular automata with almost equicontinuous points is dense in the topological support of the measure. This extends a result of Lena, Margara and Dennunzio about the density of the set of strictly temporally periodic of cellular automata with equicontinuous points.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1904.12302, arXiv:1806.1021

Synthèse et réactivité d’hétérocycles azotés de type pyrazoline quinoléinique à intéret biologique

Cet article review représente la synthèse de molécules à chromophore quinoléique susceptibles de présenter une activité biologique, par l’utilisation de méthodes simples, efficaces et de mise en œuvre facile. Ce travail consacré à la préparation des dérivés de la 2-pyrazoline et de dérivés de bis-2-pyrazoline quinoléiniques, par une réaction d’additioncyclisation de l’hydrazine aux chalcones et autres bis-chalcones correspondantes. Les rendements sont bons et les structures de tous les composés préparés ont été élucidées par les méthodes spectroscopiques usuelles (IR, RMN 1H et 13C), et par diffraction des rayons X pour certains

Fear of floating and exchange rate pass through to inflation in Algeria

The purpose of this paper is twofold: (i) identify a "fear of floating" theory in Algeria using indicators defined in empirical studies of Calvo and Reinhart (2002) and Hausmann et al (2000) and (ii) examine empirically one of its explanations; a strength pass-through of devaluation on domestic prices. For results, US/DZ exchange rates and foreign reserves variability probabilities, on monthly data over 1990-2015 period, classify Algeria among fear of floating countries. The VAR model based on Mc Carty (2007), over quarterly data of 2000-2016 period, shows that a three stage of inflation; import, producer and consumer prices react at US/DZ and do not at EU/DZ exchange rate.Keywords: Exchange rate regime, inflation, pass-through, monetary policy, VAR mode

A Graph Transformation Approach for Modeling and Verification of UML 2.0 Sequence Diagrams

Unified Modeling Language (UML) 2.0 Sequence Diagrams (UML 2.0 SD) are used to describe interactions in software systems. These diagrams must be verified in the early stages of software development process to guarantee the production of a reliable system. However, UML 2.0 SD lack formal semantics as all UML specifications, which makes their verification difficult, especially if we are modeling a critical system where the automation of verification is necessary. Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) is a formal specification language that is suited for analysis and has many automatic verification tools. Thus, UML and CSP have complementary aspects, which are modeling and analysis. Recently, a formalization of UML 2.0 SD using CSP has been proposed in the literature; however, no automation of that formalization exists. In this paper, we propose an approach on the basis of the above formalization and a visual modeling tool to model and automatically transform UML 2.0 SD to CSP ones; thus, the existing CSP model checker can verify them. This approach aims to use UML 2.0 SD for modeling and CSP and its tools for verification. This approach is based on graph transformation, which uses AToM3 tool and proposes a metamodel of UML 2.0 SD and a graph grammar to perform the mapping of the latter into CSP. Failures-Divergence Refinement (FDR) is the model checking tool used to verify the behavioral properties of the source model transformation such as deadlock, livelock and determinism. The proposed approach and tool are illustrated through a case study