Traits that define yield and genetic gain in East African highland banana breeding

East African highland bananas (Musa spp. AAA group) are an important staple in the Great Lakes region of East Africa. Their production has declined due to pests and diseases. Breeding for host plant resistance is a sustainable option for addressing this challenge. Understanding the relationships between growth parameters and bunch weight (i.e., yield) is crucial to guide breeding efforts for this crop. We investigated cause-effect relationships, through path analysis, in bunch weight of East African highland banana derived hybrids, their parents and grandparents. These family structures were planted in a 7 × 8 rectangular lattice design, replicated twice. Genetic gains for bunch weight (kg plant−1) and yield potential (t ha−1 year−1) were estimated. Significant increases of bunch weight and yield potential were noted from the landrace triploid germplasm, their derived primary tetraploid hybrids and secondary triploid bred-germplasm. Path analysis revealed that fruit length, circumference and number, number of hands and plant cycle number had a direct positive effect on the bunch weight. Days to fruit filling, days to maturity and index of non-spotted leaves had indirect effects on bunch weight. The average genetic gains for bunch weight and yield potential were 1.4% and 1.3% per year, respectively. This is the first report about genetic gains in banana breeding. Our findings may be useful for assessing progress and directing future breeding efforts in banana breeding

Heterobeltiosis in banana and genetic gains through crossbreeding

Heterosis, or hybrid vigour, is the superiority of the hybrid for a certain trait over the mean of its two parents. Heterobeltiosis is a form of heterosis where the hybrid is superior to its best parent. Banana breeding is a tedious, time-consuming process, taking up to two decades to develop a hybrid. Understanding heterosis in banana breeding will contribute to selecting right breeding materials for further crossing, thus increasing banana breeding efficiency. Here we document heterobeltiosis by using the recently bred NARITA ‘Matooke’ hybrids and their ancestors. NARITA hybrids, their parents (4x and 2x), grandparents (3x and 2x), and local 3x ‘Matooke’ cultivar checks were planted in a rectangular lattice design with two replications. Yield and other agronomic data were collected at flowering and harvest. The NARITAs were compared with their 3x ‘Matooke’ grandmothers. Heterobeltiosis on bunch weight was calculated with the data of 3 cycles. All the NARITAs showed heterobeltiosis for bunch weight. NARITA 17 had the highest grandparent heterobeltiosis (ca. 250%). Genetic gains due to crossbreeding were determined for fruit yield considering three generations: matooke cultigen (C0), primary tetraploid hybrids (C1) and secondary tetraploid hybrids (C2). The average genetic gain (from C0 to C2) rates for bunch weight (kg) and yield potential (t ha−1 year−1) were 1.4% and 1.3% per year, respectively

Crossbreeding East African Highland Bananas: Lessons Learnt Relevant to the Botany of the Crop After 21 Years of Genetic Enhancement

East African highland bananas (EAHB) were regarded as sterile. Their screening for female fertility with “Calcutta 4” as male parent revealed that 37 EAHB were fertile. This was the foundation for the establishment of the EAHB crossbreeding programs by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) in Uganda in the mid-1990s. The aim of this study was to assess the progress and efficiency of the EAHB breeding program at IITA, Sendusu in Uganda. Data on pollinations, seeds generated and germinated, plus hybrids selected between 1995 and 2015 were analyzed. Pollination success and seed germination percentages for different cross combinations were calculated. The month of pollination did not result in significantly different (P = 0.501) pollination success. Musa acuminata subsp. malaccensis accession 250 had the highest pollination success (66.8%), followed by the cultivar “Rose” (66.6%) among the diploid males. Twenty-five EAHB out of 41 studied for female fertility produced up to 305 seeds per pollinated bunch, and were therefore deemed fertile. The percentage of seed germination varied among crosses: 26% for 2x × 4x, 23% for 2x × 2x, 11% for 3x × 2x, and 7% for 4x × 2x. Twenty-seven NARITA hybrids (mostly secondary triploids ensuing from the 4x × 2x) were selected for further evaluation in the East African region. One so far –“NARITA 7”– was officially released to farmers in Uganda. Although pollination of EAHB can be conducted throughout the year, the seed set and germination is low. Thus, further research on pollination conditions and optimization of embryo culture protocols should be done to boost seed set and embryo germination, respectively. More research in floral biology and seed germination as well as other breeding strategies are required to increase the efficiency of the EAHB breeding program

Crossbreeding East African Highland Bananas: Lessons Learnt Relevant to the Botany of the Crop After 21 Years of Genetic Enhancement

East African highland bananas (EAHB) were regarded as sterile. Their screening forfemale fertility with “Calcutta 4” as male parent revealed that 37 EAHB were fertile. Thiswas the foundation for the establishment of the EAHB crossbreeding programs by theInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the National Agricultural ResearchOrganization (NARO) in Uganda in the mid-1990s. The aim of this study was to assessthe progress and efficiency of the EAHB breeding program at IITA, Sendusu in Uganda.Data on pollinations, seeds generated and germinated, plus hybrids selected between1995 and 2015 were analyzed. Pollination success and seed germination percentagesfor different cross combinations were calculated. The month of pollination did notresult in significantly different (P= 0.501) pollination success.Musa acuminatasubsp.malaccensisaccession 250 had the highest pollination success (66.8%), followed by thecultivar “Rose” (66.6%) among the diploid males. Twenty-five EAHB out of 41 studiedfor female fertility produced up to 305 seeds per pollinated bunch, and were thereforedeemed fertile. The percentage of seed germination varied among crosses: 26% for2x×4x, 23% for 2x×2x, 11% for 3x×2x,and 7% for 4x×2x. Twenty-seven NARITAhybrids (mostly secondary triploids ensuing from the 4x×2x) were selected for furtherevaluation in the East African region. One so far –“NARITA 7”– was officially released tofarmers in Uganda. Although pollination of EAHB can be conducted throughout the year,the seed set and germination is low. Thus, further research on pollination conditions andoptimization of embryo culture protocols should be done to boost seed set and embryogermination, respectively. More research in floral biology and seed germination as wellas other breeding strategies are required to increase the efficiency of the EAHB breedingprogram

Finite element decomposition and grid generation for brain modeling and visualization

Due to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Includes bibliographical references.Issued also on microfiche from Lange Micrographics.Numerical grid generation is used to provide a framework for brain and neuron visualization. Smoothing spline surfaces are fit to contour data to generate 3D solid model reconstruction of brain tissues. Finite element methods are then used to subdivide the solid models into biologically-consistent finite elements. Numerical grid generation is employed to provide a curvilinear coordinate system within the finite elements. Synthetic and manually traced neurons are mapped into the gridded solid model using the curvilinear coordinate system. Grid generation tools, neuron mapping tools, and visualization tools have been implemented