Synthesis of Monocalcium Phosphate from the Syrian Phosphoric Acid and Calcium Carbonate

We have in this work the synthesis of monocalcium phosphate from the Syrian phosphoric acid and calcium carbonate (CaCO3 / H2O = 1/2 Weight). In this study it was to identify all of the time and temperature idealists for interaction , . Reduce the concentration of fluorine in wet phosphoric acid by deposition of fluorine in the form of salt Na2SiF6 by addition sodium carbonate  , proving artificial composite  identity by pulling the spectrums  infrared. Keywords: wet phosphoric acid , Monocalcium phosphate (MCP) , Calcium Carbonate , Titration with sodium hydroxide , the yield

Impact on thermomechanical behaviour of a maleic anhydride grafted ABS on ABS/PC multi-layered blends

The significant increase of Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has led to an important research in upgrading recycled engineering plastics by means of a blending technique. In particular, there is an interest in studying the properties of ABS/PC blends, the two most important components of WEEE, at ABS rich compositions, according to the generation ratio of waste [1]. Since ABS and PC are immiscible, the final properties depend to a large extent on the flow-induced morphology [2]. In order to better control the final blend morphology of injection molded samples, we propose a two-step approach: the first step consists in producing pellets with multilayered structure, using a multilayer coextrusion device. During the second subsequent step, the pellets are injection molded, with temperature conditions chosen to minimize the deformation of the created structures. The effect of a compatibilizer, namely, an ABS grafted with maleic anhydride (ABS-g-MA) [3] on the thermomechanical properties and morphology has been investigated

Identification of trkH, Encoding a Potassium Uptake Protein Required for Francisella tularensis Systemic Dissemination in Mice

Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterium causing the zoonotic disease tularaemia. During its infectious cycle, F. tularensis is not only exposed to the intracellular environment of macrophages but also resides transiently in extracellular compartments, in particular during its systemic dissemination. The screening of a bank of F. tularensis LVS transposon insertion mutants on chemically defined medium (CDM) led us to identify a gene, designated trkH, encoding a homolog of the potassium uptake permease TrkH. Inactivation of trkH impaired bacterial growth in CDM. Normal growth of the mutant was only restored when CDM was supplemented with potassium at high concentration. Strikingly, although not required for intracellular survival in cell culture models, TrkH appeared to be essential for bacterial virulence in the mouse. In vivo kinetics of bacterial dissemination revealed a severe defect of multiplication of the trkH mutant in the blood of infected animals. The trkH mutant also showed impaired growth in blood ex vivo. Genome sequence analyses suggest that the Trk system constitutes the unique functional active potassium transporter in both tularensis and holarctica subspecies. Hence, the impaired survival of the trkH mutant in vivo is likely to be due to its inability to survive in the low potassium environment (1–5 mM range) of the blood. This work unravels thus the importance of potassium acquisition in the extracellular phase of the F. tularensis infectious cycle. More generally, potassium could constitute an important mineral nutrient involved in other diseases linked to systemic dissemination of bacterial pathogens

Glutathione Provides a Source of Cysteine Essential for Intracellular Multiplication of Francisella tularensis

Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterium causing the zoonotic disease tularemia. Its ability to multiply and survive in macrophages is critical for its virulence. By screening a bank of HimarFT transposon mutants of the F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) to isolate intracellular growth-deficient mutants, we selected one mutant in a gene encoding a putative γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). This gene (FTL_0766) was hence designated ggt. The mutant strain showed impaired intracellular multiplication and was strongly attenuated for virulence in mice. Here we present evidence that the GGT activity of F. tularensis allows utilization of glutathione (GSH, γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) and γ-glutamyl-cysteine dipeptide as cysteine sources to ensure intracellular growth. This is the first demonstration of the essential role of a nutrient acquisition system in the intracellular multiplication of F. tularensis. GSH is the most abundant source of cysteine in the host cytosol. Thus, the capacity this intracellular bacterial pathogen has evolved to utilize the available GSH, as a source of cysteine in the host cytosol, constitutes a paradigm of bacteria–host adaptation

Isolation and Mutagenesis of a Capsule-Like Complex (CLC) from Francisella tularensis, and Contribution of the CLC to F. tularensis Virulence in Mice

BACKGROUND: Francisella tularensis is a category-A select agent and is responsible for tularemia in humans and animals. The surface components of F. tularensis that contribute to virulence are not well characterized. An electron-dense capsule has been postulated to be present around F. tularensis based primarily on electron microscopy, but this specific antigen has not been isolated or characterized. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A capsule-like complex (CLC) was effectively extracted from the cell surface of an F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) lacking O-antigen with 0.5% phenol after 10 passages in defined medium broth and growth on defined medium agar for 5 days at 32°C in 7% CO₂. The large molecular size CLC was extracted by enzyme digestion, ethanol precipitation, and ultracentrifugation, and consisted of glucose, galactose, mannose, and Proteinase K-resistant protein. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR showed that expression of genes in a putative polysaccharide locus in the LVS genome (FTL_1432 through FTL_1421) was upregulated when CLC expression was enhanced. Open reading frames FTL_1423 and FLT_1422, which have homology to genes encoding for glycosyl transferases, were deleted by allelic exchange, and the resulting mutant after passage in broth (LVSΔ1423/1422_P10) lacked most or all of the CLC, as determined by electron microscopy, and CLC isolation and analysis. Complementation of LVSΔ1423/1422 and subsequent passage in broth restored CLC expression. LVSΔ1423/1422_P10 was attenuated in BALB/c mice inoculated intranasally (IN) and intraperitoneally with greater than 80 times and 270 times the LVS LD₅₀, respectively. Following immunization, mice challenged IN with over 700 times the LD₅₀ of LVS remained healthy and asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that the CLC may be a glycoprotein, FTL_1422 and -FTL_1423 were involved in CLC biosynthesis, the CLC contributed to the virulence of F. tularensis LVS, and a CLC-deficient mutant of LVS can protect mice against challenge with the parent strain

Identification of Genes Contributing to the Virulence of Francisella tularensis SCHU S4 in a Mouse Intradermal Infection Model

Background: Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent human pathogen. The most virulent strains belong to subspecies tularensis and these strains cause a sometimes fatal disease. Despite an intense recent research effort, there is very limited information available that explains the unique features of subspecies tularensis strains that distinguish them from other F. tularensis strains and that explain their high virulence. Here we report the use of targeted mutagenesis to investigate the roles of various genes or pathways for the virulence of strain SCHU S4, the type strain of subspecies tularensis. Methodology/Principal Findings: The virulence of SCHU S4 mutants was assessed by following the outcome of infection after intradermal administration of graded doses of bacteria. By this route, the LD\u2085\u2080 of the SCHU S4 strain is one CFU. The virulence of 20 in-frame deletion mutants and 37 transposon mutants was assessed. A majority of the mutants did not show increased prolonged time to death, among them notably \u394pyrB and \u394recA. Of the remaining, mutations in six unique targets, tolC, rep, FTT0609, FTT1149c, ahpC, and hfq resulted in significantly prolonged time to death and mutations in nine targets, rplA, wbtI, iglB, iglD, purL, purF, ggt, kdtA, and glpX, led to marked attenuation with an LD\u2085\u2080 of >10\ub3 CFU. In fact, the latter seven mutants showed very marked attenuation with an LD\u2085\u2080 of 6510\u2077 CFU. Conclusions/Significance: The results demonstrate that the characterization of targeted mutants yielded important information about essential virulence determinants that will help to identify the so far little understood extreme virulence of F. tularensis subspecies tularensis.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye

Structuration of ABS/PC morphology blends for recycling of WEEE.

La présence de matières plastiques dans les DEEE (déchets des équipements électriques et électroniques) a augmenté de 25% ces cinq dernières années. Avec la mise en place de nouvelles réglementations imposant des objectifs de recyclage élevés et l’augmentation des cours du pétrole, le recyclage des matières plastiques devient plus que jamais d’actualité. Dans ce contexte, tout en travaillant avec des polymères vierges, l’objectif de ce travail est de trouver une voie de valorisation des DEEE par le mélange de polymères. Le travail s’est focalisé sur l’amélioration des propriétés mécaniques des mélanges ABS/PC (70%/30% en masse) en structurant la morphologie de mélanges sous formes allongées (fibres et/ou lamelles). Pour ce faire, des outils spécifiques novateurs (éléments multiplicateurs de couches, filière de coextrusion fibrillaire) sont développés et utilisés. La démarche consiste à structurer d’abord des joncs, qui sont ensuite granulés, puis injectés lors d’une deuxième étape pour fabriquer des éprouvettes. Lorsque des morphologies allongées sont obtenues, des améliorations notables de propriétés (au choc en particulier) sont observées. Le travail termine par l’étude de l’effet sur la structuration et les propriétés finales d’un compatibilisant, l’ABS greffé anhydride maléique, synthétisé par extrusion réactive et rajouté au mélange ABS/PC.Plastics in WEEE (Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipments) have increased up to 25% in the last five years. As new regulations are setting up increased recycling objectives and the oil prize is also increasing, plastic recycling is more than never an issue. In this context, while still working on virgin polymers, this work objective is to find a way to valorize the WEEE by the use of polymer blends. This work is focused on the upgrading of mechanical properties of ABS/PC (70%/30% wt%) blends by structuring the morphology of the blends creating elongated shapes (fibers and/or lamellas). To do so, innovative specific tools have been developed and used such as layer-multiplying mixing elements or fibrillar coextrusion dye. The first step of the procedure is to create structured strands of polymers which are then pelletized. Then these pellets are injected in a second step to create specimens. When elongated morphologies are obtained, significant improvements are observed in properties, especially for impact behavior. Finally, this work studies the effect of a compatibilizer on the structuration and the final properties of the blends. The compatibilizer, maleic anhydride grafted ABS, was synthesized through reactive extrusion and added in ABS/PC blends

Structuration des mélanges ABS/PC en vue du recyclage des DEEE.

Plastics in WEEE (Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipments) have increased up to 25% in the last five years. As new regulations are setting up increased recycling objectives and the oil prize is also increasing, plastic recycling is more than never an issue. In this context, while still working on virgin polymers, this work objective is to find a way to valorize the WEEE by the use of polymer blends. This work is focused on the upgrading of mechanical properties of ABS/PC (70%/30% wt%) blends by structuring the morphology of the blends creating elongated shapes (fibers and/or lamellas). To do so, innovative specific tools have been developed and used such as layer-multiplying mixing elements or fibrillar coextrusion dye. The first step of the procedure is to create structured strands of polymers which are then pelletized. Then these pellets are injected in a second step to create specimens. When elongated morphologies are obtained, significant improvements are observed in properties, especially for impact behavior. Finally, this work studies the effect of a compatibilizer on the structuration and the final properties of the blends. The compatibilizer, maleic anhydride grafted ABS, was synthesized through reactive extrusion and added in ABS/PC blends.La présence de matières plastiques dans les DEEE (déchets des équipements électriques et électroniques) a augmenté de 25% ces cinq dernières années. Avec la mise en place de nouvelles réglementations imposant des objectifs de recyclage élevés et l’augmentation des cours du pétrole, le recyclage des matières plastiques devient plus que jamais d’actualité. Dans ce contexte, tout en travaillant avec des polymères vierges, l’objectif de ce travail est de trouver une voie de valorisation des DEEE par le mélange de polymères. Le travail s’est focalisé sur l’amélioration des propriétés mécaniques des mélanges ABS/PC (70%/30% en masse) en structurant la morphologie de mélanges sous formes allongées (fibres et/ou lamelles). Pour ce faire, des outils spécifiques novateurs (éléments multiplicateurs de couches, filière de coextrusion fibrillaire) sont développés et utilisés. La démarche consiste à structurer d’abord des joncs, qui sont ensuite granulés, puis injectés lors d’une deuxième étape pour fabriquer des éprouvettes. Lorsque des morphologies allongées sont obtenues, des améliorations notables de propriétés (au choc en particulier) sont observées. Le travail termine par l’étude de l’effet sur la structuration et les propriétés finales d’un compatibilisant, l’ABS greffé anhydride maléique, synthétisé par extrusion réactive et rajouté au mélange ABS/PC