Tipología de los préstamos lingüísticos en la lengua Wolof

Este artículo ofrece los resultados de un análisis tipológico de los préstamos en la lengua wolof, siguiendo la metodología aplicada por Haspelmath y Tadmor en su proyecto llamado Loanword Typology (LWT). Basándose en un corpus representativo de las lenguas del mundo, estos autores desarrollaron una base de datos denominada World Loanword Database (WOLD) y llevaron a cabo un análisis comparativo de una muestra de 41 lenguas, basado en una lista fija de 1460 significados léxicos repartidos en 24 campos semánticos. Al constatar que el wolof no está incluido en su análisis tipológico como lengua receptora, el presente artículo pretende ser una contribución al proyecto LWT. En conjunto global, la lengua wolof confirma los principios generales establecidos por Haspelmath y Tadmor, aunque se observan algunas discrepancias menores.This paper offers the results of a typological analysis of loanwords in the Wolof language following the methodology applied by Haspelmath & Tadmor in their Loanword Typology Project (LWT). On the basis of a representative sample of the world’s languages these authors compiled the World Loanword Database (WOLD) and carried out a comparative analysis of the loanword profile of 41 languages focusing on 1460 lexical meanings grouped into 24 semantic fields. Since the Wolof language was not included in their typological analysis as a recipient language, the following text is meant as a further contribution to the LWT project. On the whole, the Wolof language conforms to the general principles established by Haspelmath and Tadmor, although some minor departures are also observed

Les dimensions sociales des projets agroécologiques en agriculture au Sénégal : le point de vue des acteurs de terrain.

Au lendemain des indépendances en 1960, les politiques agricoles au Sénégal se sont très tôt concentrées sur l'amélioration de la production agricole afin de garantir l'autosuffisance alimentaire. Cependant, ces politiques ont échoué à répondre aux besoins alimentaires en raison de facteurs tels que la sécheresse des années 70, les plans d'ajustement structurel et la dévaluation du franc CFA. Face à cette vulnérabilité accélérée par les changements climatiques récents, l'agriculture biologique, soutenue par des ONG étrangères a progressivement émergé comme une solution pour réduire les dommages environnementaux causés par l'utilisation d'intrants chimiques et l'impact du réchauffement climatique. Au fil des décennies, les conditions de la production agricole sénégalaise se sont profondément améliorées grâce aux avancées techniques, favorisant des projets axés sur les aspects agro-écologiques. Ainsi, des initiatives telles que la DyTAES ont contribué à promouvoir l'agroécologie au pays, afin d’accroître la productivité tout en préservant l'environnement. Cependant, l’agroécologie ne se limite pas à des solutions techniques et les préoccupations sociales, telles que la cocréation des connaissances, la participation des populations et l’égalité de genre, font partie intégrante de la manière dont le concept a été théoriquement défini. Dans un tel contexte, l’objectif est d’étudier l’intégration de ces dimensions sociales dans les initiatives en agroécologie mises en place sur le terrain au Sénégal. Sur la base d’entretiens avec des intervenants clés dans le domaine de l’agroécologie sénégalaise et l’analyse de documents, le mémoire montre que les projets agroécologiques au Sénégal tentent de réduire les inégalités sociales en renforçant les capacités des agriculteurs, en démocratisant les décisions, en intégrant savoirs locaux et scientifiques, et en promouvant la justice sociale et l'équité de genre. Toutefois, les intervenants soulignent aussi que les inégalités structurelles de genre demeurent fortes et que l’implication de l’État dans les projets agroécologiques reste timide, ce qui menace la pérennité de projets qui restent très dépendants des fonds internationaux.After independence in 1960, agricultural policies in Senegal quickly focused on improving agricultural production to ensure food self-sufficiency. However, these policies failed to meet food needs due to factors such as the droughts of the 1970s, structural adjustment plans, and the devaluation of the CFA franc. Faced with this vulnerability, accelerated by recent climate changes, organic agriculture, supported by foreign NGOs, gradually emerged as a solution to reduce environmental damage caused by the use of chemical inputs and the impact of global warming. Over the decades, the conditions of agricultural production in Senegal have deeply improved thanks to technical advances, favoring projects focused on agroecological aspects. Thus, initiatives such as DyTAES have contributed to promoting agroecology in the country to increase productivity while preserving the environment. However, agroecology is not limited to technical solutions. Social concerns, such as the cocreation of knowledge, population participation, and gender equality, are integral to how the concept has been theoretically defined. In this context, the objective is to study the integration of these social dimensions into agroecological initiatives implemented on the ground in Senegal. Based on interviews with key stakeholders in the field of Senegalese agroecology and document analysis, the thesis shows that agroecological projects in Senegal try to reduce social inequalities by strengthening farmers' capacities, democratizing decision-making, integrating local and scientific knowledge, and promoting social justice and gender equity. Nonetheless, the speakers also emphasize that structural gender inequalities remain strong and that the involvement of the State in agroecological projects remains timid, which threatens the sustainability of projects that remain highly dependent on international funds

Hydrocephalie post-meningitique du nourrisson a Dakar

Introduction L’étiologie post-infectieuse de l’hydrocéphalie varie entre 7 et 48 % et reste corrélée au niveau de santé de la population du pays considéré. Elle en constitue la principale cause dans les pays sous-développés. Cependant cette prédominance des hydrocéphalies post-infectieuses à tendance à s’atténuer, surtout chez le nourrisson avec un profil étiologique qui tend vers celui des pays développés. Cette étude a pour objectif de déterminer les raisons de cette diminution.Matériel et méthodes Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective de 2004 à 2008, portant sur 91 nourrissons traités pour hydrocéphalie. Parmi eux, 42 avaient une origine post-méningitique. Le diagnostic d’hydrocéphalie post-méningitique a été établi sur les antécédents de méningite, la bactériologie du LCR et sur l’imagerie (TDM, ETF).Résultats L’étiologie post-méningitique représentait 46% des hydrocéphalies. L’âge moyen était de 7,6 mois. La couverture vaccinale optimale était notée dans 7 cas. On notait une prédominance de la méningite à heamophilus influenza avec une forte proportion des méningites à bactériologie négative (30 cas). Nous avons retrouvé dans 32 cas une hydrocéphalie tétraventriculaire. A long terme, seuls 5 enfants ont eu un développement psychomoteur satisfaisant.Conclusion L’étiologie post-méningitique des hydrocéphalies reste fréquente en dépit des efforts entrepris dans le domaine de la prévention. Mais beaucoup de progrès reste à faire dans son renforcement et dans la prise en charge précoce des méningites

Prise en charge de l’hematome extradural a Dakar. A propos de 40 cas

Introduction L’hématome extradural est une affection rare mais grave car engage rapidement le pronostic vital. Il s’agit d’une urgence thérapeutique nécessitant par conséquent une prise en charge rapide.Objectif L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer les aspects épidémiologiques, diagnostiques et thérapeutiques de l’hématome extradural depuis l’avènement du scanner dans notre pays.Patients et méthode Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective multicentrique réalisée dans quatre de nos hôpitaux durant une période de huit ans, de juillet 1994 à juin 2002. Nous avons pu collecter 40 dossiers de patients traumatisés cranioencéphaliques présentant un hématome extradural à la tomodensitométrie cérébrale.Résultats Sur 1296 patients ayant consulté pour un traumatisme cranio-encéphalique toute gravité confondue, 40 ont présenté un hématome extra dural soit 3,09%. L’age moyen était de 26.1 ans avec une fréquence maximale entre 11 et 20 ans. Le sex. Ratio est de 9.1. Les accidents de la voie publique représentent l’étiologie la plus fréquente avec 55% des cas. Le délai de consultation est long avec une moyenne de 2 à 3 jours. L’examen clinique retrouve des signes d’hypertension intracrânienne chez 87,5% des patients, un déficit moteur chez 30% des patients, des troubles de la conscience dans 55% des cas. Les résultats scannographiques ont montré une localisation temporo pariétale prédominante (72,5%) . 87,5% des patients ont bénéficié d’une prise en charge chirurgicale. L’évolution est favorable dans 75% des cas. Nous avons noté 20% de mortalité.Conclusion L’hématome extradural constitue l’urgence neurochirurgicale type. Son pronostic est bon si traité précocement

Endoscopic Treatment of Colloid Cysts of Third Ventricle: Study of Three Cases

Introduction: Colloid cyst of the third ventricle is a rare intracranial benign tumor. Traditionally, treatment is carried out by transcallosal or transcortical transventricular approach. Currently, the endoscopic treatment of these lesions is increasingly used. We reported our preliminary experience about three cases of colloid cysts treated by neuroendoscopy. Methods and Patients: We conducted a retrospective study on the analysis of medical records of three patients with colloid cyst who had been operated endoscopically in our department. We used a rigid neuroendoscope of 2.7 mm in diameter, with an optical 30°. Coagulation of the wall, followed by a puncture aspiration of cystic contents and partial resection of its wall were performed during the surgery. The mean follow-up time was two years. Results: Patients were 35, 47, and 53 years old. They were male. The dominant clinical symptom was headaches with consciousness disorder. Brain MRI allowed the diagnosis in all cases. The mean operation time was 100 minutes. A case of intraoperative hemorrhage was observed, necessitating the installation of an EDV. The outcome was favorable in two patients, and after surgery we observed one case of meningitis treated. One case of transient amnesia and one death were reported. Conclusion: Preliminary results of endoscopic treatment of colloid cysts were encouraging. It is a promising technique in our department. However, more investigation is necessary

Canal lombaire étroit par lipomatose épidurale: à propos d’un cas et revue de la littérature

La lipomatose épidurale est une pathologie caractérisée par une l'accumulation anormale de graisse non encapsulée dans l'espace épidural. Bien que rare, elle est une cause possible de lombosciatique ou de canal lombaire étroit. Elle est souvent associée à des facteurs favorisants tels qu'une corticothérapie prolongée, ou une obésité. Nous rapportons une observation d'un patient qui a présenté des lombosciatalgies invalidantes et dont l'exploration radiologique a confirmé une lipomatose épidurale compressive. L'évolution a été favorable après décompression chirurgicale.Mots clés: Canal lombaire étroit, lipomatose, chirurgieEnglish Title: Narrow lumbar channel due to epidural lipomatosis: case report and literature reviewEnglish AbstractEpidural lipomatosis is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of non-encapsulated grease in the epidural space. Although rare, it is a possible cause of lombosciatica or narrow lumbar channel. It is often associated with contributing factors such as prolonged corticosteroid therapy or obesity. We report the case of a patient presenting with disabling lombosciatalgias. Radiological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of compressive epidural lipomatosis. Patient's evolution was favorable after surgical decompression.Keywords: Narrow lumbar channel, lipomatosis, surger

Pituitary Abscess: a Report of Two Cases

Background and Importance: Abscess of the hypophysis or pituitary adenoma is a very rare entity, and its preoperative diagnosis could be challenging. The clinical presentation is less specific, and despite the recent advancement in imaging, diagnosis before surgery is still difficult. Case Presentation: We reported two cases of pituitary abscesses in patients aged 38 and 42 years. The first patient was managed for maxillary sinusitis associated with pituitary adenoma whose diagnosis was made following surgery. For the second patient, the diagnosis was proposed before surgery following an MRI which showed a ring enhancement lesion of the hypophysis. Both patients benefitted from surgery where one had sub-labial rhino-septal trans-sphenoidal approach and the other through endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal approach. Both received intravenous broad spectrum antibiotics.   Conclusion:  Post-operative evolution was good with control MRI showing complete disappearance of the sellar lesion. Early diagnosis and treatment improved the prognosis

Management of pituitary adenoma: Preliminary experience with endoscopic endonasal transphenoidal surgery in a developing country. Example of Senegal about 180 cases

Introduction: Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery is currently the gold-standard therapeutic approach for pituitary adenomas. Although being spread worldwide, the endoscopic endonasal approach for pituitary adenomas is recently implemented in Senegal.This study aimed to report our results and the complications observed in the context of an under-equipped facility. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective study including all patients with a pituitary adenoma treated who underwent endonasal transsphenoidal resection under a single endoscopic approach from January 2014 to May 2022, in the Neurosurgery Department of Fann National Hospital Centre, Dakar. All patients were assessed according to clinical, radiological, and endocrinological criteria. They all were operated by the same team with an average follow-up of 24 months. Results: In this series of 180 patients, including 57.7 % women and 42.3% men with a mean age of 44.8 years (extremes of 18 and 76 years), the visual deficit was the most frequent onset symptom (69.4 %), followed by clinical forms of hormone hypersecretion (30.5 %). Twelve cases of pituitary apoplexy and 1 case of incidentaloma were reported. The most frequent tumors were non-functional tumors (61.6 %). Among the functional adenomas, the most frequent was prolactinoma (15.5 %). Regarding tumor size, 75 % were macroadenomas, 15.5 % were microadenomas, and 9.5 % were giants. Cavernous sinus invasion (Knosp grade ≥ 3) and suprasellar extension were noted in 14.4 % and 53.3 %, respectively. The resection was total in 80 % of cases, subtotal in 18.8 %, and partial in 1.2 %. Partial improvement of sight was observed in 91.1% and endocrine hypersecretion remission in 76.6 %. As for complications, the most frequent was transient diabetes insipidus (32.7 %). Conclusion: Despite the scanty resources, our results are similar to the best-reported series and strengthen scientific evidence on the efficacy and safety of performing this technique in an under-equipped setting context

Tech Neck Syndrome: A global epidemic of the modern era among students at the University of Abomey Calavi in Benin

Context and Objective: “Tech neck” is a recent term used to describe neck pain related to smartphone use. It is a health problem that has been increasing considerably since the last decade. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Teck Neck syndrome among young students at the University of Abomey Calavi, in order to highlight the different factors that contribute to the occurrence of this condition. Patients and Method: This is a prospective descriptive study with consecutive sampling conducted over a period of 3 months. The study involved 1,835 young students at the University of Abomey Calavi in Benin, 850 of whom had symptoms of Tech Neck.Epi Data 3.1 software was used for data entry and R software for statistical analysis. Proportions were calculated for qualitative variables. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare means. The significance level was set at risk alfa = 0.05. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: For 421 (49.52%) of the participants, their symptoms would be caused by prolonged neck flexion when writing messages. Of the 1835 students, 1368 (74.55 %) reported constant communication by telephone message. In this study, 55.91 % and 89.43 % of participants respectively stated that they could not determine how often they handled their smartphone within 1 h and 24 h. None of the participants kept their neck straight when writing a message. Conclusion: The Tech neck syndrome is a health problem that has increased considerably over the last decade, especially among students, due to the misuse of NICT

Refractory cervical dystonia, unresolve issue and therapeutic challenge: Follow-up of a case with surgical denervation combined with conservative treatments

Cervical dystonia is the most common focal dystonia affecting adults. It frequently causes postural control problems, neck pain and spasm attacks of the cervical musculature. One of the surgical options available is selective cervical denervation. We report the case of a 32-year-old patient with cervical dystonia refractory to conservative treatment and an injection of botulinum toxin A, which was finally completed by bilateral selective cervical denervation, with considerable regression of cervical spasm at 16 months post-operatively.The clinical presentation of cervical dystonia includes abnormal movements or postural changes of the head, neck and shoulders caused by involuntary contractions of the cervical muscles. When the spasmodic attacks are recurrent, they can cause real handicaps for the patient. The causes of the disease and its pathophysiological mechanism are still poorly understood. There are a number of treatment options, including pharmacological therapy and surgery in cases of therapeutic failure. Repeated intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin are the first-line treatment. Some conservative measures such as physiotherapy are also used, although there is little literature on these approaches.Selective peripheral denervation is currently the main surgical treatment for refractory cervical dystonia. A combination of conservative treatment with BT-A injection and denervation appears to be an effective treatment option