INVESTIGATION OF PREVALENCE OF RUBELLA AMONG WOMEN OF PREMARITAL AND PRECONCEPTIONAL AGE

An evaluation of the prevalence of immune status to rubella was made among 1151 premarital and preconceptional counseled females (17-40 years old) visiting the Genetic Clinic in Tehran. Population of Tehran, like any other large city, consists of mixtures of various communities and ethnic groups in the country. The method of analysis was rubella haemagglutination inhibition (Hl.) test. Immunity to rubella was observed in 97.14% of the population and most was immune before the age of 29. This high prevalence of positive cases shows a change in the community orientation by more social participation and mixing such as attendance of kindergarten. Because of the high prevalence obtained for rubella immunity, instead of general vaccination programs, measurement of rubella titer is recommended for each premarital or preconceptional female individual

The evaluation of the application efficiency of potassium ferrate for advanced treatment of municipal wastewater

Iron (VI) and iron (V), known as ferrates, are powerful oxidants and their reactions with pollutants are typically fast with the formation of non-toxic by-products. The use of potassium ferrate (VI) as an alternative wastewater remediation chemical has been studied and is reported in this paper. Ferrate ion as a strong oxidant has the highest oxidation potential among all oxidants and disinfectants in water and wastewater treatment. Ferrate (VI) Ions are reduced to Fe (III) ions or hydroxide ferric in water, which can simultaneously serve as a coagulant and oxidant or a disinfectant in a versatile process. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of potassium ferrate use for advanced treatment of sewage. This quasi-experimental study was conducted in laboratory scale. An advanced Wastewater treatment was studied by potassium ferrate on effluent wastewater through determining the effect of pH and concentration on the removal of turbidity, the chemical oxygen Demand (COD) and phosphorus. In order to determine the efficiency of disinfection of ferrate, the effect of three variables, contact times, ferrate concentrations, and pH on disinfection Processes was determined by the most probably number (MPN) index. The results showed that the best condition for COD removal efficiency and the removal of turbidity was 65 and 90 using potassium ferrate with pH=5 and optimum concentration of 10 mg/L. pH and concentration of potassium ferrate for optimum performance of phosphorus removal was 5 and 12 mg/L, which caused phosphorus removal 72. The optimum condition for potassium ferrate applied as disinfectant was in 4 mg/l concentration, Contact time of 25minute, and pH=6 Potassium ferrate can be used as an effective oxidant, disinfectant and coagulant Chemical for treating a variety of municipal and industrial wastewaters. It will allow access to multiple targets in a process. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights Reserved

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetic products sold in Iran: the Monte Carlo simulation

Cosmetics can contain harmful compounds such as heavy metals. Several metals have a cumulative effect on the body, especially fatty tissues, and may have different health effects on the human body over the long term. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the health risks of heavy metals in cosmetics in Iran. Also, in this study, Monte Carlo simulation was used to investigate uncertainties. In this study, heavy metals data of cosmetics were extracted from studies carried out at intervals 2010�2018. International and Iranian databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Springer, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Irandoc, Magiran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Information Institute for Scientific (ISC) were searched for this purpose. In this study, the index of the Margin of Safety was calculated to determine the risk of human contact with metallic impurities in cosmetic products used by humans. In the selected period, 11 studies were conducted on the measurement of heavy metals in cosmetics in Iran. In these studies, cosmetics such as eye shadow, eye pencil, powder, cream, and lipstick were studied. The Margin of Safety (MoS) values calculated for different metals were higher than the established safe standard by WHO. The highest and lowest amount of systemic exposure dosage in all types of cosmetic investigated (lipstick, cream, eye pencil, face powder, and eye shadow) was related to Fe and Hg. The mean hazardous quotient (HQ) for Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Hg was 1.05E-03, 1.03E-01, 7.95E-03, 2.59E-03, 1.05E-03, 4.98E-03, 7.22E-04, 1.85E-01, and 1.35E-05, respectively. The highest HQ (6.10E-01) was found for Pb, which was observed in the cream. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature