Epidemiology of Cases of Suicide due to Hanging who Referred to Forensic Center of Shahriar in 2011

Background:Around 800,000 to a million people die by suicide every year, making it the 10th leading cause of death worldwide. According to high rates of suicide and hanging and death due to these reasons in the world and also in Iran,this study was conducted to evaluate cases of suicide by hanging.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 79 cadavers in forensicdissection centerof Shahriar in 2011. Necessary information including age, sex, laryngeal bone fracture, bleeding of soft tissue, number of family members, educational level, marital status, history of depression, addiction, smoking, history of any special disease, location of hanging, leaving any note, ethnicity and suicide intensity  was entered in the checklist and were analyzed.Results:The mean age of cases was 33.4 (SD=13.62) years. 63 (79.7%) were male and 16 (20.3%) were female.10 (12.7%) patients of the study population were illiterate and 56 (78.9%) were under diploma and only 8 (11.3%) patients had diploma. 17 (23.9%) were unemployed, 5 (7%) were students, 20 (28.2%) were workers, 10 (14.1%) were employees and 15 (21.1%) were self-employment. 23 patients (32.4%) were drug addict. 13 patients (18.3%) had a history of depression. 38 patients (53.5%) were smokers. 56 (78.9%) of hanging were in home and 15 (21.1%) were in outdoors. Suicidal impulses in 33 patients (46.5%) was unspecified, in 10 cases (14.1%) was substance abuse, in 11 (15.5%) was mental disorders, in 6 patients (8.5%) was family problems, and in 7 patients (9.9%) was unemployment.Conclusion:Given the high rate of suicide, it is necessary to identify the risk factors, to prevent to the extent possible. Treatment of drug and alcohol addiction, depression, and those who have attempted suicide in the past may also be effective.  Economic development through its ability to reduce poverty may be able to decrease suicide rates. Efforts to increase social connection especially in elderly males may be effective

Olfactory and trigeminal interaction of menthol and nicotine in humans

The purpose of the study was to investigate the interactions between two stimuli—menthol and nicotine—both of which activate the olfactory and the trigeminal system. More specifically, we wanted to know whether menthol at different concentrations modulates the perception of burning and stinging pain induced by nicotine stimuli in the human nose. The study followed an eightfold randomized, double-blind, cross-over design including 20 participants. Thirty phasic nicotine stimuli at one of the two concentrations (99 and 134 ng/mL) were applied during the entire experiment every 1.5 min for 1 s; tonic menthol stimulation at one of the three concentrations (0.8, 1.5 and 3.4 μg/mL) or no-menthol (placebo control conditions) was introduced after the 15th nicotine stimulus. The perceived intensities of nicotine’s burning and stinging pain sensations, as well as perceived intensities of menthol’s odor, cooling and pain sensations, were estimated using visual analog scales. Recorded estimates of stinging and burning sensations induced by nicotine initially decreased (first half of the experiment) probably due to adaptation/habituation. Tonic menthol stimulation did not change steady-state nicotine pain intensity estimates, neither for burning nor for stinging pain. Menthol-induced odor and cooling sensations were concentration dependent when combined with low-intensity nicotine stimuli. Surprisingly, this dose dependency was eliminated when combining menthol stimuli with high-intensity nicotine stimuli. There was no such nicotine effect on menthol’s pain sensation. In summary, we detected interactions caused by nicotine on menthol perception for odor and cooling but no effect was elicited by menthol on nicotine pain sensation

Structural, IR, and EPR studies of the bis(methoxyacetato) diaquo-copper(II) complex

The structure, stability, and the IR, and EPR spectroscopic properties of bis(methoxyacetato)diaquo-copper(II) were studied both experimentally using FT-IR and theoretically using B3LYP/6-31G**, B3LYP/6-311G, BWP91/6-31G** methods. The same approaches were used to calculate the harmonic frequencies and to compare them to the experimental solid state values. The g-tensors are calculated using the NMR/GIAO computational method