1-Tosyl-2-[(1-tosyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl­sulfanyl]-1H-benzimidazole

In the title compound, C29H24N4O4S3, the two N-tosyl­benzimidazolyl unit are connected through a —S—CH2— fragment, the dihedral angle between the benzimidazole rings being 76.09 (5)°. The methyl­thio group is disordered with respect to exchange of the S and C atoms in a 0.547 (4):0.453 (4) ratio. In the crystal, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions connect adjacent mol­ecules into infinite layers parallel to the ab plane. The crystal packing is further stabilized by a π–π inter­action [centroid–centroid separation = 3.5187 (4) Å]

tert-Butyl 2-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetate

In the title compound, C13H16N2O2, the planes of the benzimidazole ring system and the acetate O—C=O fragment make a dihedral angle of 84.5 (3)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected through C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds to form infinite chains in the [-110] direction

1,1′-{[1,4-Phenyl­enebis(methyl­ene)]bis­(­oxy)bis­(3,1-phenyl­ene)}diethanone

In the title compound, C24H22O4, the centroid of the central benzene ring lies on a special position of 2/m site symmetry, while the terminal aromatic rings are located on a mirror plane. The central and terminal benzene rings are perpendic­ular to each other. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are connected via C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional polymeric structure. The network is further consolidated by a C—H⋯π inter­action

Patched-1 and smoothened, a hedgehog receptor and signal transducer are highly expressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Introduction: The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is a developmental signalling pathway involved in normal mammalian developmental and homeostasis of adult renewable tissues. In most adult tissues, this pathway remains silent and previous studies have shown that constitutive activation of Hedgehog signalling pathway leads to various types of malignancies including medulloblastomas, basal cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal, breast and prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of Hedgehog pathway proteins in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma and determine their association with overall survival (OS). Methods: Positive control using normal tonsils were included in each batch of immunohistochemical staining procedure. Results: PTCH1 proteins were highly expressed in DLBCL and showed strong staining intensity in 107 (100%) cases and SMO proteins were expressed in 105 (98.1%) cases. PTCH1 proteins were localised in the nucleus of tumour cells, whereas SMO proteins were mainly localised in the cytoplasm of tumour cells. Positive expression of PTCH1 and SMO proteins and overall survival of DLBCL patients were correlated with age, gender, race and tumour location. There was no significant correlation between the expression of these two proteins with any of the parameters. PTCH1 expression showed significant association with SMO expression (P=0.03). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that high expression of both PTCH1 and SMO may be important in the pathogenesis of DLBCL. However, additional mechanisms that may contribute to the activation of HH signalling in DLBCL needs to be further explored

Imidazo[1,2-b]isoquinoline-5,10-dione

The title butterfly-shaped mol­ecule, C11H6N2O2, is folded slightly along the O=C⋯C=O line, the dihedral angle between the two parts being 6.42 (3)°. In the crystal, adjacent mol­ecules are linked through C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into infinite layers parallel to the ac plane. The layers are further connected into a three-dimensional netweork via π–π inter­actions formed between pairs of anti­parallel arranged mol­ecules, with a centroid–centroid distance between the central six-membered ring and the benzene ring of 3.4349 (9) Å

1-Carb­oxy­methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide

In the title compound, C13H23N2O2 +·Br−, the octyl chain has an all-trans conformation. In the crystal, the cations are linked by C—H⋯O bonds into a zigzag chain along the b axis. The bromide anions further link the chains via C—H⋯Br inter­actions into a two-dimensional array parallel to the ab plane. An O—H⋯Br interaction is also observed

Globalization and its Effect on World Poverty and Inequality

James D. Wolfensohn who is the former World Bank President stated that poverty amid plenty is the world’s greatest challenge until now. In 1996, United Nation General Assembly came to terms that eradicating poverty is an ethical, political, social and economic imperative of humankind. International development, trade organizations, and financial, as well as practitioners and academics in this field confirmed to this statement (World Bank, 2001) In a world of 7 billion people, 80 percent live on less than $10 per day and 3 billion people, about half of the world, live on less than$2.50 a day. About 5 percent of global income was generated by the poorest 40 percent of the world’s population, while the wealthiest 20 percent of the population generates 75 percent of world income (Shah, 2013). The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF, 2011) estimates that poverty is the cause of daily mortality for 22,000 children ages five and younger in 2009. Thus, in a calendar year, more than eight million children do not progress past the age of five years. Poverty literally has two central meanings. The first refers to an absolute standard of living which is reflected in satisfying the minimum basic needs required for survival. The second is relative poverty reflected in the income gap between the rich and the poor, which often is measured by economists in the form of artificial currency called “purchasing power disparity dollars’. In the world of globalization and without boundaries, one would wonder how in certain parts of the world, poverty is still a major issue. Why is the standard of living in certain countries far better than the others and why is a large part of the world poor? Typically defined as the process by which different countries become more closely integrated through international technology transfers, trade liberalization, and greater mobility of information and capital, whether globalization helps or hurts the world’s poverty level is a constant debate

1,1′-{[1,4-Phenyl­enebis(methyl­ene)]bis­(­oxy)bis­(4,1-phenyl­ene)}diethanone

The centroid of the central aromatic ring of the title mol­ecule, C24H22O4, is located on an inversion center. The dihedral angle between the central and terminal benzene rings is 75.00 (7)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked through C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains along [121]. The chains are connected into layers via C—H⋯π inter­actions

2-Methyl-3-[(4-methyl­phen­yl)sulfon­yl­oxy]-2-{[(4-methyl­phen­yl)sulfon­yloxy]meth­yl}propyl 4-methyl­benzene­sulfonate

The title mol­ecule, C26H30O9S3, adopts an extended conformation whereby two approximately parallel benzene rings [dihedral angle = 8.32 (10)°] are orientated in opposite directions along the pseudo-threefold axis through the central quaternary C atom, while a third ring occupies a position mid-way and face-on to these rings [dihedral angles = 82.28 (10) and 78.81 (7)°]. The crystal packing is dominated by C—H⋯O contacts and π–π inter­actions [ring centroid distance = 3.6902 (12) Å]