THE IMPACT OF LANGUAGE CHANGES CAUSED BY TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL MEDIA

This research discusses language change as a result of the influence of social media. In an increasingly advanced digital era, social media has become one of the primary communication tools for individuals worldwide. This study utilizes descriptive and comparative analysis methods to explore the influence of social media on language change. Firstly, the research identifies grammar, syntax, and vocabulary changes due to social media usage. Then, the study compares the language used in traditional communication with that used in social media communication. The findings of this research indicate significant language changes due to the use of social media. There is an increase in the use of abbreviations, emoticons, and distinctive terms specific to social media that affect the way humans communicate in a digital context. Additionally, casual writing styles, non-formal language use, and the adaptation of foreign words have become characteristics of social media communication. These language changes can have both positive and negative impacts. On the positive side, social media has enabled faster and more efficient communication between individuals across the globe. Using a more casual and non-formal language can also strengthen social bonds among social media users. However, on the other hand, these language changes can also pose challenges to understanding and communication between different generations or in formal contexts

MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN HEALTHY MIDDLE AGE POPULATION USING CERAD TEST

This study aims to find out the relationship between level of education, occupation, dan number of hobbies with mild cognitive impairment in middle age. The study was conducted among healthy sample in Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital and its network from March to May 2012. This  research is an observational study. The samples were examined using CERAD test to assess mild cognitive impairment as a dependent variable in middle age group, and were related to education level, occupation and number of hobby as an independent variables. The data were analyzed using chi square and other test according to study goals and measurement scale. The results of the study reveals significant relationship between level of education, occupation and number of hobbies (significancy for each variable : 0,000) Low education, unemployment and less number of hobbies were powerfull risks of developing mild cognitive impairment

PENGARUH INDUKSI COLD PRESSOR TEST TERHADAP AKTIVITAS SISTEM SARAF OTONOM DAN HEMODINAMIKA SEREBRAL PADA PENDERITA MIGREN FASE INTERIKTAL

Migren telah banyak dikaitkan dengan gangguan fungsi otonom. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai aktivitas sistem saraf otonom dan hemodinamika serebral penderita migren dengan induksi Cold Pressor Test (CPT) dibandingkan dengan penderita non migren. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan studi eksperimental terdiri dari 8 penderita migren dengan aura, 20 penderita migren tanpa aura,dan 14 subjek kontrol di Rumah Sakit Jaury Akademis sejak September 2011 sampai Maret 2012. Lengan dan tangan pasien dipaparkan dengan es bersuhu 1-2 ??? C. Perubahan Tekanan arteri rata-rata dan nadi dinilai selama dan setelah CPT . Menggunakan Transcranial Doppler, dinilai perubahan aliran darah rata-rata arteri serebri media selama dan setelah CPT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak adanya peningkatan bermakna kecepatan aliran darah otak rata-rata selama menit pertama CPT pada kelompok migren dengan aura (p=0,358) dan didapatkan bermakna pada kelompok kontrol (0,000) dan kelompok migren tanpa aura (p=0,002). Tekanan arteri rata-rata pada menit kedua induksi CPT terjadi penurunan relatif terhadap menit pertama pada kelompok migren dengan aura dan migren tanpa aura, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol terjadi kenaikan bertahap tekanan arteri rata-rata selama 2 menit induksi CPT. Terlihat perbedaan pola nadi pada penderita migren dengan aura dibandingkan kontrol, dimana pada kelompok migren dengan aura, nadi pada menit kedua CPT lebih rendah bermakna dibandingkan lima menit setelah CPT (p=0,013). Kesimpulan : Terdapat tanda-tanda hipofungsi simpatis pada penderita migren dengan aura dan tanpa aura fase interiktal

HUBUNGAN FIBRILASI ATRIUM DENGAN GANGGUAN KOGNITIF

Fibrilasi atrium dan gangguan kognitif merupakan masalah kesehatan utama, patomekanisme secara pasti belum jelas dan penelitian sebelumnya menemukan hubungan yang bermakna. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan fibrilasi atrium dengan gangguan kognitif dengan menggunakan tes Montreal Cognitive Assessment versi Indonesia ( MoCA-Ina). Desain penelitian adalah Cross Sectional Study, pada 60 subjek penderita dengan masing-masing 30 subjek dengan fibrilasi atrium dan 30 subjek tanpa fibrilasi atrium di Poli Kardiologi dan Poli Saraf Rumah Sakit Wahidin Sudirohusodo di Makassar, dari bulan Maret hingga Mei 2013. Pada kelompok penelitian dilakukan pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif menggunakan instrument tes MoCA-Ina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata usia penderita dengan fibrilasi atrium dan tanpa fibrilasi atrium (55.00 SB 7.17 vs 52.03 SB 5.73 tahun) dan jenis kelamin laki-laki lebih banyak dibanding perempuan pada penderita fibrilasi atrium (56.7% vs 43.3%). Gangguan kognitif dijumpai 86,7% pada subjek penderita dengan fibrilasi atrium dan 6,7% pada penderita tanpa fibrilasi atrium, dengan nilai p 0.000 dengan OR 91,00% dan IK 95%. Unsur kognitif yang paling banyak terganggu adalah memori tertunda dan atensi. Penelitian ini menerangkan terdapat hubungan fibrilasi atrium dengan gangguan kognitif

PERUBAHAN KADAR NITRIC OXIDE (NO) PLASMA SELAMA INDUKSI COLD PRESSOR TEST PADA PENDERITA MIGREN TANPA AURA FASE INTERIKTAL

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis perubahan kadar nitric oxide (NO) plasma basal dan selama induksi cold pressor test (CPT) pada penderita migren tanpa aura fase interiktal dan kontrol.Desain penelitian ini adalah studi eksperimental, dilakukan sejak Januari 2012 sampai April 2012 di Rumah Sakit Jaury Akademis, dan diperoleh 20 penderita migren tanpa aura fase interiktal dan 14 kontrol sehat. Pengambilan darah vena dilakukan saat basal dan selama induksi CPT untuk melihat dan menilai perubahan kadar NO. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan independent T test dan paired T test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar NO basal lebih tinggi secara bermakna pada kelompok migren tanpa aura fase interiktal (93,65 + 20,46) dibandingkan kontrol (67,49 + 15,50) dengan nilai p= 0,000. Kadar NO selama induksi CPT lebih tinggi secara bermakna pada migren tanpa aura (108,26 + 18,13) dibandingkan kontrol (80,94 + 13,68) dengan nilai p=0,000. Perubahan kadar NO selama CPT bermakna pada kelompok migren tanpa aura (p= 0,005) dan kelompok kontrol (p=0,007). Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada perubahan kadar NO selama induksi CPT antara kedua kelompok (p=0,506). Didapatkan tanda hiperaktivitas jalur Larginine-NO berupa kadar NO yang lebih tinggi secara bermakna pada migren tanpa aura fase interiktal dibanding kontrol. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada perubahan kadar NO selama induksi CPT antara kedua kelompok, menunjukkan respon NO terhadap stimulus simpatis pada migren tanpa aura fase interiktal sama dengan kelompok kontrol

Serum vascular endothelial growth factor as a predictor of clinical outcomes in anterior circulation ischemic stroke

Background: Inflammatory response in the acute phase of ischemic stroke will trigger the process of neuroplasticity and determine the clinical outcomes. Angiogenesis and neurogenesis are induced by expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the acute phase of stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between VEGF serum level in acute phase of stroke with the clinical outcomes.Methods: This longitudinal cohort study was conducted on 64 patients suffering from first-attack of anterior circulation blockage as evidenced by cephalic diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). VEGF serum level was measured at 72 hours and 7 days after stroke and the clinical outcomes were assessed on day 30 post-stroke using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).Results: VEGF level at hour-72 and on day-7 were 5.84 ± 0.736 ng/mL and 5.797 ± 0.96 ng/mL, respectively (p &gt; 0.05). High VEGF levels at hour-72 can be used to predict poor clinical outcome 30 days after stroke (OR = 6.5; 95% CI = 1.15-36.61; p = 0.034). Subjects who have increasing levels of VEGF on day-7 compared to hour-72 tend to have better clinical outcomes on day-30. (NIHSS score = 1.33 ± 1.22 vs 3 ± 3.78; p = 0.232).Conclusion: VEGF levels in the acute phase of ischemic stroke reflect the degree of brain damage, the dynamic of the increase in VEGF levels after a stroke was associated with better clinical outcomes.</p

Genetic risk factor APOEε4 associates with plasma amyloid beta in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer’s disease

Background: APOEε4 is a strong genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD itself has been associated with reduced Aβ clearance from the brain and plasma. Understanding the potential pathogenic link between APOEε4 and plasma Aβ might allow for earlier identification of people at risk of developing AD. The aim of this study is to find out the correlation between APOEε4 and plasma Aβ in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD patients. Methods: This is a comparative cross-sectional study of patients attending a memory clinic in Siloam Hospital Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang, during the period of 2013-2014. Subjects were categorized into three categories: normal aging, aMCI, and AD. We performed blood test to examine APOEε4, plasma Aβ4o level, and plasma Aβ42 level. All data analyses were performed using correlation test and logistic regression. Results: Sixty subjects (normal aging = 23, aMCI = 17, AD = 20) were included. There were 19 (31.7%) subjects with APOEε4 positive. Subjects carrying ε4 allele were more likely to have AD by 3.9-fold than subjects with APOE ε4 allele negative. There is a significant difference between the mean of plasma Aβ40 in aMCI group and AD group. We also found correlation between APOEε4 (+) and higher plasma Aβ42 (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is a correlation between APOEε4 and plasma Aβ42 level, which supports the hypothesis that this genetic isoform accelerates the rate and progression of AD through Aβ-dependent pathways