Potential Therapeutic Implications of Caffeic Acid in Cancer Signaling: Past, Present, and Future

Caffeic acid (CA) has been present in many herbs, vegetables, and fruits. CA is a bioactive compound and exhibits various health advantages that are linked with its anti-oxidant functions and implicated in the therapy and prevention of disease progression of inflammatory diseases and cancer. The anti-tumor action of CA is attributed to its prooxidant and anti-oxidant properties. CA’s mechanism of action involves preventing reactive oxygen species formation, diminishing the angiogenesis of cancer cells, enhancing the tumor cells’ DNA oxidation, and repressing MMP-2 and MMP-9. CA and its derivatives have been reported to exhibit anti-carcinogenic properties against many cancer types. CA has indicated low intestinal absorption, low oral bioavailability in rats, and pitiable permeability across Caco-2 cells. In the present review, we have illustrated CA’s therapeutic potential, pharmacokinetics, and characteristics. The pharmacological effects of CA, the emphasis on in vitro and in vivo studies, and the existing challenges and prospects of CA for cancer treatment and prevention are discussed in this review

Primary plant nutrients modulate the reactive oxygen species metabolism and mitigate the impact of cold stress in overseeded perennial ryegrass

Overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) turf on dormant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers. L) in transitional climatic zones (TCZ) experience a severe reduction in its growth due to cold stress. Primary plant nutrients play an important role in the cold stress tolerance of plants. To better understand the cold stress tolerance of overseeded perennial ryegrass under TCZ, a three-factor and five-level central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with a regression model was used to study the interactive effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization on lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and their detoxification by the photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The study demonstrated substantial effects of N, P, and K fertilization on ROS production and their detoxification through enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways in overseeded perennial ryegrass under cold stress. Our results demonstrated that the cold stress significantly enhanced malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide contents, while simultaneously decreasing ROS-scavenging enzymes, antioxidants, and photosynthetic pigments in overseeded perennial ryegrass. However, N, P, and K application mitigated cold stress-provoked adversities by enhancing soluble protein, superoxide dismutase, peroxide dismutase, catalase, and proline contents as compared to the control conditions. Moreover, N, P, and, K application enhanced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in overseeded perennial ryegrass under cold stress as compared to the control treatments. Collectively, this 2−years study indicated that N, P, and K fertilization mitigated cold stress by activating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants defense systems, thereby concluding that efficient nutrient management is the key to enhanced cold stress tolerance of overseeded perennial ryegrass in a transitional climate. These findings revealed that turfgrass management will not only rely on breeding new varieties but also on the development of nutrient management strategies for coping cold stress

Islamic banking in India: developments, prospects and challenges

Indian financial system has witnessed lot of changes in recent past. The most important of them all are deregulation of Indian banking sector and the opening of new banks. Islamic bank is a new global phenomenon, which India should recognize in developing Indian financial system. This study is carried out to evaluate the developments and to measure the prospects as well as the challenges faced by the movement of Islamic banking in India. This paper reveals that Islamic banking in India has real potential to grow along with the conventional banking system. Our aim is to draw the attention of Indian regulators, Islamic finance scholars and business activists to think over the measures to be adopted in developing Islamic banking in India. It also provides necessary measures to allow conventional banks to carry on Islamic banking business using the existing financial infrastructure

Energy Trading in P2P Network by using Blockchain in Smart Grid

In recent years, the dramatic increase in demand of electricity utilization has introduced various environmental and sustainability concerns for Conventional Energy Grid based on fossil fuels, which driving the global energy manufacturers to adapt new efficient and resilient energy systems. The conventaional Grid is based on centralized system suffer from power losss, theft cases and cannot adopt new power systems properly. Presently the focus of the scientist and researchers is on the Clean Energy resources and Smart Grid, which has potential to address the contemporary problems found in conventional energy system. On the other side , Smart is a new technology, which allows the integration of clean energy resources such as wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, biomass, and tidal energy systems, ensuring energy availability at all times. The quintessential purpose of renewable technologies is to contrive a sustained community. Nevertheless, it has become a challenging concern for Smart Grid to integrate and coordinate enormous consignment of expanding users and connections. Consequently, blockchain has emerged as a resilient technology in various industries offering data integrity, security, building trust between parties, data immutability, and secure communication. These feature of blockchain making it an auspicious technology for decentralized Smart Grid and Renewable Energy criterion. In this research work, a blockchain based energy trading modal using Peer-to-Peer transactions management is presented. The main goal is to investigate an energy-trading model based on crypto wallets as a digital currency using smart grid and renewable energies. Moreover, contemporary issues of industrial and commercial communities adopting renewable Energy system will be address.

Solving Triangle Routing Problem by Using Route Optimization Technique in Mobile

The demand for internet service has increased expeditiously and users demand new services internet with a high-speed data rate to run many internet programs in parallel. Most Internet users want to run many applications such as video, audio, and many other software programs at the same time. After the COVID-19, the demand for new internet services has increased dramatically for online classes, and video lectures in real-time. Therefore, demand for fast internet services via wireless communication has increased rapidly. The user demands a high data rate and more bandwidth for internet services. There are many issues regarding high data rate but one major problem occurs when the user changes his location or moves to a new network because a new IP address must be, assign with no delay. Hence, the need of dynamic IP addresses is required, whenever a mobile host moves to another location. The packets do not come in a single form and an agent is involved in the whole process, the delay occurs because the agent again assigns a new IP address. This problem occurs in the wireless network. The second problem is the inefficient behavior of non-optimized Mobile IP. In mobile IP protocol, packets of the variable lengths are sent through the wire or wirelessly to the hosts to the destination from, the main location and have to be sent via the agent currently in NS-2. The variable-length packets can be routed directly from mobile hosts in a wired system. This type of routing is called “triangle routing”. In this paper, the dynamic route optimization technique has been proposed to address the delay problem. In addition, the implementations of Mobile IP on wired- cum wireless scenario and the “Route Optimization” extension in the NS2 are used. The simulation tool is used to solve the Mobile IP problem by using dynamic IP addresses considering that the Mobile host moves from one network to another network freely. The optimization used in Mobile IP to solve the triangular routing problem

Synthesis and Characterization of a Carbon‐Supported Cobalt Nitride Nano‐Catalyst

Transition metal nitrides have attracted great interest among the non‐noble catalysts employed in heterogeneous catalytic processes because of their exceptional stability and catalytic potential. However, the approach for their synthesis has remained a tremendous challenge. This study presents the synthesis of Co₄N/C catalyst fabricated at 400, 600, and 800 °, symbolized as Co₄N/C‐400, Co₄N/C‐600, Co₄N/C‐800, respectively. The characterization of fabricated catalysts is carried out through various advanced analytical techniques. As prepared nano‐catalyst Co₄N/C shows remarkable catalytic efficiency in terms of low activation energy (Ea=3.038×10⁻¹ KJ mol⁻¹), fast conversion rate (Kapp=0.2884 s⁻¹), and 97.57% conversion efficiency. Moreover, it also exhibits excellent stability and reusability because of its metallic characteristics. The outstanding catalytic activity of the catalyst is the combined effect in which the Co₄N nanoparticles acted as active sites, and the carbon support doped with nitrogen provided an expressway for the transport of electrons required for catalytic reduction. Moreover, the designed catalyst is immobilized on the cellulose membrane filter support, to demonstrate the catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol. We envision that our work would facilitate the fabrication of cobalt nitrides‐based nano‐catalysts for a wide range of industrial applications