A Mathematical Study Of Two Retroviruses, Hiv And Htlv-i

In this thesis, we examine epidemiological models of two different retroviruses, which infect the human body. The two viruses under study are HIV or the human immunodefiency virus and HTLV-I, which is the human T lymphotropic virus type I. A retrovirus is a virus, which injects its RNA into the host, rather than it\u27s DNA. We will study each of the different mathematical models for each of the viruses separately. Then we use MATLAB-SIMULINK to analyze the models by studying the reproductive numbers in each case and the disease progression by examining the graphs. In Chapter 1, we mention basic ideas associated with HIV and HTLV-I. In Chapter 2 some of the basic mathematical model of epidemiology is presented. Chapter 3 is devoted to a model describing the intra-host dynamics of HIV. Here, we take into account how HIV infects and replicates in the CD4+ T cells. The model studied in this thesis examines the difference between cells, which are susceptible to the virus, and cells, which are not susceptible. Through the graphs associated with this model, we are able to see how this difference affects disease progression. In Chapter 4, we examine the effect of HTLV-I virus on human body. The HTLV-I virus causes a chronic infection in humans and may eventually lead to other diseases. In particular, the development of Adult T-cell Leukemia or ATL is studied in this thesis. The T-cell dynamics and progression to ATL is described using a mathematical model with coupled differential equations. Using mathematical analysis and SIMULINK, we obtain results on stability, asymptotic stability and the manner of progression of the disease. In Chapter 5 and appendices, we mention our inference and the MATLAB-SIMULINK codes used in this thesis, so that a reader can verify the details of the work carried out in this thesis

Provable and practical approximations for the degree distribution using sublinear graph samples

The degree distribution is one of the most fundamental properties used in the analysis of massive graphs. There is a large literature on graph sampling, where the goal is to estimate properties (especially the degree distribution) of a large graph through a small, random sample. The degree distribution estimation poses a significant challenge, due to its heavy-tailed nature and the large variance in degrees. We design a new algorithm, SADDLES, for this problem, using recent mathematical techniques from the field of sublinear algorithms. The SADDLES algorithm gives provably accurate outputs for all values of the degree distribution. For the analysis, we define two fatness measures of the degree distribution, called the $h$-index and the $z$-index. We prove that SADDLES is sublinear in the graph size when these indices are large. A corollary of this result is a provably sublinear algorithm for any degree distribution bounded below by a power law. We deploy our new algorithm on a variety of real datasets and demonstrate its excellent empirical behavior. In all instances, we get extremely accurate approximations for all values in the degree distribution by observing at most $1\%$ of the vertices. This is a major improvement over the state-of-the-art sampling algorithms, which typically sample more than $10\%$ of the vertices to give comparable results. We also observe that the $h$ and $z$-indices of real graphs are large, validating our theoretical analysis.Comment: Longer version of the WWW 2018 submissio

Analysis of 0W-20 Totachi Brand Oil to Determine the Rate of Oil Deterioration

Engine oil or lubricating oil has a major effect on the engine life and the proper operation of any engine. Changing the engine oil before it is due increases a customer’s cost. The lubricating oil in every engine performs many functions such as reducing friction, preventing corrosion, protecting the engine against wear, removing all impurities, lubricating the moving parts, and cooling the engine parts. There are several causes for the deterioration of lubricating oil, including the properties of the oil, oil quality, and high engine temperatures. Consequently, the deteriorated oil must be replaced at a specified mileage or at specific time intervals to get the best engine performance. It is very important to know when to change the oil, because changing the oil too late can affect the engine parts and vehicle performance. However, replacing the oil too early influences the economy and environment and is an inefficient use of depleting resources. This study describes the kinematic viscosity, flash point, and fire point of multigrade Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 0W-20 Totachi (Totachi Industrial Co. Ltd., Japan) international brand oil, which has a 10,000 km guarantee and is approved by and used in 10 different vehicle brands, to determine the rate of deterioration of the parameters. These parameters are the most important physical behaviors of lubricating engine oils. Having information about these parameters is very important for maintaining an engine’s lifespan. The results of this study showed that after 10,000 km, the Totachi oil parameters such as the kinematic viscosity at cold start, at 40°C and at 100°C, the flash point, and the fire point decreased by 22.03%, 25.98%, 26.75%, 16.94% and 17.34%, respectively, from the base values, and that the oil is suitable to use for 10,000 km

Paradiplomacy of the Kurdistan Region After 2003: Present and Future

This research discusses the essential but sensitive subject of paradiplomacy in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq after 2003, with regard to the present and the future. It attempts to seek answers to the main question facing the Region regarding paradiplomacy as a means for achieving an independent state, and to extent the Kurdistan Region has used this mechanism successfully to achieve this aim. In order to answer this question, the study will focus on paradiplomacy in the region from 2003 until today, by examining various scenarios and to project Kurdistan Region’s future. The conclusion is that the Kurdistan Region -with all comments- that is able to use paradiplomacy as an effective mechanism at both regional and international levels, and in this way, the KRG has taken a step closer to independence, but to achieve success in the future, all its departments of democracy must be strengthened and to become more powerful it must become more successful in paradiplomacy. Keywords: Diplomacy, Independent state, Iraq, Kurdistan region, Paradiplomac

On the throughput of opportunistic beamforming with imperfect CSI

The throughput of a multiple-antenna broadcast channel highly depends on the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter side. However, due to the time variant nature of wireless channels, having perfect knowledge of the under- lying links appears to be a questionable assumption, especially when the number of users and/or antennas increases. Although it can become computationally prohibitive in practice, theoretically any point on the capacity region of a Gaussian broadcast channel is achievable using dirty paper coding (DPC) if full CSI is available. The aforementioned drawbacks of DPC have motivated the development of simpler transmission strategies that re- quire little CSI and yet can deliver a large portion of the capacity. One such scheme is opportunistic beam-forming that is shown to be able to achieve the same throughput scaling as that of DPC for the regime of large number of users. In this paper we investigate the performance of opportunistic beamforming when the perfect channel state information is not available; i.e., the channel estimation is erroneous. We will show that in order to maximize the throughput (sum rate capacity), the transmitter needs to back off the rate than what is suggested by the estimated channel state. We obtain the optimal back off and show that by using this modified opportunistic scheme, the same multiuser gain can be achieved

Differentiated Rate Sceduling for MIMO Broadcast Channels

We consider the problem of differentiated rate scheduling for the fading MIMO Gaussian broadcast channel, in the sense that the rates required by different users must satisfy certain rational rate constraints. When full channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter, the problem can be readily solved using dirty paper coding (DPC) and con- vex optimization techniques on the dual multiple-access channel (MAC). However, since in many practical applications full CSI is not feasible, and since the computational complexity may be prohibitive when the number of users is large, we focus on two simple schemes that require very little CSI: time-division opportunistic (TO) beamforming where in different time-slots the transmitter performs opportunistic beamforing only to users requiring the same rate, and weighted opportunistic (WO) beamforing where the random beams are assigned to those users having the largest weighted SINR. In both cases we determine explicit schedules to guarantee the rate constraints and show that, in the limit of a large number of users, the throughput loss compared to the unconstrained sum-rate capacity tends to zero. As a side result, we show that, in this regime, the sum-rate of opportunistic beamforming converges to the optimal sum-rate achieved by DPC, which is a stronger result than the order-optimal results of (10, 13)

10 kW Grid-Connected PV System Cost and Environmental Analysis for Government Offices: Darbandikhan Technical Institute as a Case Study

The Iraqi Kurdistan region has significant potential for implementing solar energy with an average annual rate of 5.245 kWh/m2. However, most of its energy supply currently comes from nonrenewable energy sources. With the continually increasing demand for energy, an alternative energy-generation technique is required. Among the various renewable energy resources, generating electricity directly from sunlight is the best option because it can be applied by the average household and is environmentally friendly. In this study, a cost and environmental analysis for a 10 kW grid-connected photovoltaic system is presented for a government building with the aim of reducing the load demand on the grid during weekdays and also to inject the generated power into the power grid during weekends. A simulation of the proposed PV system was generated by using Photovoltaic Geographic Information System software to estimate the system’s production performance. The software showed that the highest energy production was 1,660 kWh, which occurred in August; the total electricity production was 16,184 kWh over a 1-year period. The study also showed that the geographical location of Darbandikhan City is quite sufficient for generating electric power from solar energy. It further showed that it can reduce CO2 emissions by 356.60 tons during its lifetime when compared with a gasoline generator and by 131.38 tons when compared with that of a natural gas generator. The proposed system could serve as a good revenue source for the government by exporting the generated electricity to the grid while at the same time serving as motivation for households in the region; furthermore, this system can also be applied to other governmental offices in Kurdistan to generate some or all of its energy needs

High folate production by naturally occurring Lactobacillus sp. with probiotics potential isolated from dairy products in Ilam and Lorestan provinces of Iran

Rapidly proliferating cells require large amounts of folate to support efficient DNA replication, repair and methylation indicating the importance of folate in human metabolism. Milk products are good sources of such vitamins which are produced by probiotics. In order to find suitable strains capable of high folate production, isolation and identification of Lactobacilli in traditional fermented milk from two different provinces located in the west of Iran were carried out. Lactobacillus  bacteria were isolated according to the ISO 7889 standard procedure. The isolated bacteria were characterized phenotypically and were screened for their ability to produce folate during fermentation of skim milk. Folate production by the selected strains was between 2.8 to 66.6 μg/l. Two strains with the highest folate production were then selected. The 16SrRNA genes from these two strains were amplified and sequenced and a phylogenetic tree constructed. The sequencing results in combination with phenotypic and biochemical properties showed that both strains were similar to Lactobacillus crustorum. Therefore, two new strains with an ability of high folate production were isolated and identified. These could be used as probiotics in the dairy industry. Hence, exploiting natural food-grade microorganisms for the production of nutritive dairy products is possible.Keywords: Folate, Lactobacillus, probiotic, traditional dairy products, IranAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(33), pp. 5383-5391, 16 August, 201