Stabilized reduced basis methods for the approximation of parametrized viscous flows

In Reduced Basis (RB) method, the Galerkin projection on the reduced space does not guarantee the inf-sup approximation stability even if the stable Taylor-Hood Finite Element pair is chosen. Therefore in this PhD thesis we aim to build a stabilized RB method suitable for the approximation of parametrized viscous flows. Starting from the state of the art we study the residual based stabilization techniques for parametrized viscous flows in a RB setting. We are interested in the approximation of the velocity and pressure. extit{Offline-online} computational splitting is implemented and extit{offline-only stabilization}, and extit{offline-online stabilization} are compared (as well as without a stabilization approach). Different test cases are illustrated and several classical stabilization approaches like Brezzi-Pitkaranta, Franca-Hughes, streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin, Galerkin Least Square are recast into a parametric reduced order setting. The RB method is introduced as a Galerkin projection into reduced spaces, generated by basis functions chosen through a greedy (steady cases) and POD-greedy (unsteady cases) algorithms. This approach is then compared with the supremizer options to guarantee the approximation stability by increasing the corresponding parametric inf-sup condition. We also implement a rectification method to correct the consistency of extit{offline-only stabilization} approach. Several numerical results for both steady and unsteady problems are presented and compared. The goal is two-fold: to guarantee the RB inf-sup stability and to guarantee online computational savings by reducing the dimension of the online reduced basis system

Impact Of Teachers Behaviour On The Academic Achievement Of University Students

This research article discusses the impact of teacher’s behaviour on the academic achievement of university students. All the teachers and students of public sector universities constituted the population. From the 15 public sector universities, 375 teachers and 1500 students from five departments were selected as a sample. Two questionnaires were developed and validated through pilot testing and administered to the sample for the collection of data. The researcher personally visited respondents, thus 100% data were collected. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using chi-square and Pearson’s product moment coefficient of correlation (r). The major conclusions of the study were that teachers felt proud to be teachers, they adjusted themselves with the prevailing situation and circumstances, and they used different motivational techniques for teaching. Students were found to be satisfied with the positive behaviour of their teachers. The relationship between the teachers’ behaviour and corresponding academic achievement (marks) revealed a highly positive significant correlation

The Critique of Totalitarianism in Shaikh Ayaz And Habib Jalib’s Poetry: A Comparative Study

Shaikh Ayaz and Habib Jalib are very renowned figures of Pakistani modern literature. Following the trend, their literary works tend to highlight their contemporary issues. Totalitarianism is a very internationally recognized political dogma which deals with controlling a state with one-man power. In the modern political discourse, it is named as dictatorship. Therefore, the study is concerned with locating the critique of totalitarianism in the poets’ poems. The researchers find the objective of finding the theme of totalitarianism in the comparative manner. The researchers answer the question that how the theme of totalitarianism is dealt with, by both poets comparatively. The research follows the comparative textual analysis method of research and is qualitative in design. The Researchers have examined some similarities and differences between the poets while treating the subject of Totalitarianism. The findings of the study rely on understanding Ayaz as an international totalitarian critic, and Jalib as a national critic. The study is significant to understand Pakistani political literature

Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background: The eastern Mediterranean region is comprised of 22 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Since our Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010), the region has faced unrest as a result of revolutions, wars, and the so-called Arab uprisings. The objective of this study was to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the eastern Mediterranean region as of 2013. Methods: GBD 2013 includes an annual assessment covering 188 countries from 1990 to 2013. The study covers 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. Our GBD 2013 analyses included the addition of new data through updated systematic reviews and through the contribution of unpublished data sources from collaborators, an updated version of modelling software, and several improvements in our methods. In this systematic analysis, we use data from GBD 2013 to analyse the burden of disease and injuries in the eastern Mediterranean region specifically. Findings: The leading cause of death in the region in 2013 was ischaemic heart disease (90·3 deaths per 100 000 people), which increased by 17·2% since 1990. However, diarrhoeal diseases were the leading cause of death in Somalia (186·7 deaths per 100 000 people) in 2013, which decreased by 26·9% since 1990. The leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) was ischaemic heart disease for males and lower respiratory infection for females. High blood pressure was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 2013, with an increase of 83·3% since 1990. Risk factors for DALYs varied by country. In low-income countries, childhood wasting was the leading cause of DALYs in Afghanistan, Somalia, and Yemen, whereas unsafe sex was the leading cause in Djibouti. Non-communicable risk factors were the leading cause of DALYs in high-income and middle-income countries in the region. DALY risk factors varied by age, with child and maternal malnutrition affecting the younger age groups (aged 28 days to 4 years), whereas high bodyweight and systolic blood pressure affected older people (aged 60–80 years). The proportion of DALYs attributed to high body-mass index increased from 3·7% to 7·5% between 1990 and 2013. Burden of mental health problems and drug use increased. Most increases in DALYs, especially from non-communicable diseases, were due to population growth. The crises in Egypt, Yemen, Libya, and Syria have resulted in a reduction in life expectancy; life expectancy in Syria would have been 5 years higher than that recorded for females and 6 years higher for males had the crisis not occurred. Interpretation: Our study shows that the eastern Mediterranean region is going through a crucial health phase. The Arab uprisings and the wars that followed, coupled with ageing and population growth, will have a major impact on the region\u27s health and resources. The region has historically seen improvements in life expectancy and other health indicators, even under stress. However, the current situation will cause deteriorating health conditions for many countries and for many years and will have an impact on the region and the rest of the world. Based on our findings, we call for increased investment in health in the region in addition to reducing the conflicts

A Reduced basis stabilization for the unsteady Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations

In the Reduced Basis approximation of Stokes and Navier-Stokes problems, the Galerkin projection on the reduced spaces does not necessarily preserved the inf-sup stability even if the snapshots were generated through a stable full order method. Therefore, in this work we aim at building a stabilized Reduced Basis (RB) method for the approximation of unsteady Stokes and Navier-Stokes problems in parametric reduced order settings. This work extends the results presented for parametrized steady Stokes and Navier-Stokes problems in a work of ours \cite{Ali2018}. We apply classical residual-based stabilization techniques for finite element methods in full order, and then the RB method is introduced as Galerkin projection onto RB space. We compare this approach with supremizer enrichment options through several numerical experiments. We are interested to (numerically) guarantee the parametrized reduced inf-sup condition and to reduce the online computational costs.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2001.0082

Yearlong association of Apis dorsata and Apis florea with flowering plants: planted forest vs. agricultural landscape

The yearlong association of two native honey bee species (Apis dorsata and A. florea) with 49 plant species was recorded in a planted forest and adjacent agricultural landscape at Multan, Pakistan. The study resulted in 588 interactions of A. dorsata with 40 plant species and 454 interactions of A. florea on 38 plant species. The most visited plants species by A. dorsata included Helianthus annuus, Citrus reticulata, Trifolium alexandrinum, Moringa oleifera and Calotropis procera, while the most visited plant species by A. florea included C. procera, Mangifera indica, T. alexandrinum, Coriandrum sativum and H. annuus. The peak abundance of bees and floral resources (i.e. number of plant species in flowering and abundance of floral units) was recorded during early March to late May followed by a gradual decline until December. Monthly abundance of both bee species was positively related to the floral resources, negatively related to relative humidity while it was not significantly related to temperature. The current study may serve as a baseline to track the degradation in ecosystem service of cross pollination and making new conservation strategies at local scale while future research should focus on tempo-spatial variations in foraging preferences, floral constancy and effect of foraging competition on crop pollination in different ecological regions of Pakistan

Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child’s potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0–1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245–763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520–989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540–65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden