Lípidos totales y perfil de ácidos grasos de hígado de pescado Catla catla salvajes y criados

This experimental work was aimed to study the moisture content, total lipids and fatty acid profile in the liver of wild and farmed freshwater major carp Catla catla of three different weight categories designated as W1 (601-900g), W2 (901- 1200)g and W3 (1201-1500g). Seven fish specimens of each of the three weight categories of wild and farmed Catla catla were obtained from Trimu Head, Jhang and Fish Hatchery, Satiana Road and Faisalabad, respectively. The fish were dissected to remove the liver and after weighing, liver samples were prepared and subjected to chemical analysis. Wild Catla catla liver had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher moisture content as compared to the farmed species. Farmed Catla catla deposited significantly (p < 0.05) higher lipid contents in liver. Proportions of saturated fatty acids varied irregularly in the lipids of the liver from both wild and farmed Catla catla. Saturated fatty acids C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0 and C22:0 were identified with considerable percentages in the liver of Catla catla from both habitats and monounsaturated fatty acid C18:1 was found in considerable amounts in the liver of both major carp. Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C18:3 (n-6) and C20: 2 (n-6) were detected in the liver of the wild fish of W2 and W3 and was similar in the W3 weight category of the farmed species.Este trabajo experimental tiene como objetivo estudiar el contenido de humedad, lípidos totales y perfil de ácidos grasos de hígado de carpa de agua dulce Catla catla de tres categorías con peso diferentes designadas como W1 (601- 900g), W2 (901-1200)g and W3 (1201-1500g). Siete muestras de pescados por cada una de las tres categorías de peso para Catla catla salvajes y criados fueron obtenidos de Trimu Head, Jhang and Fish Hatchery, Satiana Road y Faisalabad, respectivamente. Los pescados fueron diseccionados para obtener el hígado y las muestras de hígado fueron preparadas y sujetas a análisis químico. Catla catla salvaje tuvo un contenido de humedad significativamente mayor (p < 0.05) en comparación con las especies criadas. En Catla catla criadas se depositaron mayores contenidos de lípidos en el hígado. La proporción de ácidos grasos saturados vario irregularmente en los lípidos del hígado de Catla catla salvajes y criados. Los ácidos grasos saturados C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0 y C22:0 fueron identificados en un alto porcentaje en hígados de Catla catla procedentes de ambos hábitat y el ácido graso monoinsaturado C18:1 fue encontrado en una cantidad considerable en el hígado de ambas carpas. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados tales como C18:3 (n-6) y C20: 2 (n-6) fueron detectados en el hígado de pescados salvajes W2 y W3, así como en la misma categoría de peso W3 de especies criadas

Fouling characteristics and cleaning approach of ultrafiltration membrane during xylose reductase separation

Many operating parameters of ultrafiltration (UF) are playing a crucial role when using a polyethersulfone membrane to separate xylose reductase (XR) enzyme from reaction mixtures during xylitol synthesis. The present study focuses on the separation of XR enzyme using a cross-flow ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. The filtration process was analyzed using the three effective variables such as filtration time, cross-flow velocity (CFV), and the transmembrane pressure (TMP), which were ranging from 0 to 100 min, 0.52 to 1.2 cm/s and 1–1.6 bar, respectively. Then, using the resistance in series model, the hydraulic resistance for alkali chemical cleaning during XR separation was estimated. During separation, increased TMP showed a positive-flux effect as a driving force, however, fouling and polarized layer were more prominent under higher TMP. Increased CFV, on the other hand, was found more efficient in fouling control. In terms of the membrane cleaning techniques, an alkaline solution containing 0.1 M sodium hydroxide was shown to be the most effective substance in removing foulants from the membrane surface in this investigation. Cleaning with an alkaline solution resulted in a maximum flux recovery of 93% for xylose reductase separation. This work may serve as a useful guide to better understand the optimization parameters during XR separation and alleviating UF membrane fouling induced during XR separation

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals &lt;1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

METFORMIN and SULFONYLUREAS EFFECT on the BLOOD LEVEL of PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of metformin and sulfonylurea on the blood level of prostate specific antigen (PSA).Methods: 26 Type 2 diabetic patients under metformin treatment and 42 patients under sulfonylurea treatment were involved in this study, their ageranges were (50‑83) and (51-73), respectively. The patients were followed for 9 months, and three blood samples were obtained from each patient;after 3, 6 and 9 months. The blood samples were collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes, and the plasma was separated and kept at −20°C.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to determine the PSA level.Results: Regarding the PSA results of the patients under metformin treatment, the mean values and ranges of the first, second and third samples were0.51 (0.0-2.66), 0.6 (0.0-2.77) and 0.7 (0.0-3.42) ng/ml, respectively. Concerning the PSA results of the patients under sulfonylurea treatment, themean values and the ranges of the first, second and third samples were 3.6 (0.0‑39.2), 4.4 (0.0-46.4) and 5.9 (0.0-67.7) ng/ml, respectively.Conclusion: Metformin and sulfonylureas affected the blood PSA level in the Sudanese Type 2 diabetic patients, but the sulfonylureas had the highest effect.Keywords: Metformin, Sulfonylureas, Risk factors, Prostate cancer

Continuous Fixed Bed CO2 Adsorption: Breakthrough, Column Efficiency, Mass Transfer Zone

The increased levels of carbon dioxide in the environment have incited the search for breakthrough technologies to lessen its impact on climate. The CO2 capture from a mixture of CO2/N2 was studied using a molecular sieve (MS) and silica gel type-III. The breakthrough behavior was predicted as a function of temperature, superficial velocity, and CO2 partial pressure. The breakpoint time reduced significantly with increased temperature and increased superficial velocity. The CO2 adsorption capacity increased appreciably with decreased temperature and increased CO2 pressure. The saturation CO2 adsorption capacity from the CO2/N2 mixture reduced appreciably with increased temperature. The molecular sieve contributed to higher adsorption capacity, and the highest CO2 uptake of 0.665 mmol/g was realized for MS. The smaller width of the mass transfer zone and higher column efficiency of 87.5% for MS signify the efficient use of the adsorbent; this lowers the regeneration cost. The findings suggest that a molecular sieve is suitable for CO2 capture due to high adsorption performance owing to better adsorption characteristic parameters

Corrosion Inhibition Properties of Thiazolidinedione Derivatives for Copper in 3.5 wt.% NaCl Medium

Copper is the third-most-produced metal globally due to its exceptional mechanical and thermal properties, among others. However, it suffers serious dissolution issues when exposed to corrosive mediums. Herein, two thiazolidinedione derivatives, namely, (Z)-5-(4-methylbenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (MTZD) and (Z)-3-allyl-5-(4-methylbenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (ATZD), were synthesized and applied for corrosion protection of copper in 3.5 wt.% NaCl medium. The corrosion inhibition performance of tested compounds was evaluated at different experimental conditions using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization curves (PPC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). EIS results revealed that the addition of studied inhibitors limited the dissolution of copper in NaCl solution, leading to a high polarization resistance compared with the blank solution. In addition, PPC suggested that tested compounds had a mixed-type effect, decreasing anodic and cathodic corrosion reactions. Moreover, surface characterization by AFM indicated a significant decrease in surface roughness of copper after the addition of inhibitors. Outcomes from the present study suggest that ATZD (IE% = 96%) outperforms MTZD (IE% = 90%) slightly, due to the presence of additional –C3H5 unit (–CH2–CH = CH2) in the molecular scaffold of MTZD

Corrosion Inhibition Properties of Thiazolidinedione Derivatives for Copper in 3.5 wt.% NaCl Medium

Copper is the third-most-produced metal globally due to its exceptional mechanical and thermal properties, among others. However, it suffers serious dissolution issues when exposed to corrosive mediums. Herein, two thiazolidinedione derivatives, namely, (Z)-5-(4-methylbenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (MTZD) and (Z)-3-allyl-5-(4-methylbenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (ATZD), were synthesized and applied for corrosion protection of copper in 3.5 wt.% NaCl medium. The corrosion inhibition performance of tested compounds was evaluated at different experimental conditions using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization curves (PPC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). EIS results revealed that the addition of studied inhibitors limited the dissolution of copper in NaCl solution, leading to a high polarization resistance compared with the blank solution. In addition, PPC suggested that tested compounds had a mixed-type effect, decreasing anodic and cathodic corrosion reactions. Moreover, surface characterization by AFM indicated a significant decrease in surface roughness of copper after the addition of inhibitors. Outcomes from the present study suggest that ATZD (IE% = 96%) outperforms MTZD (IE% = 90%) slightly, due to the presence of additional –C3H5 unit (–CH2–CH = CH2) in the molecular scaffold of MTZD