Dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimensions

Background: Well alignments of the teeth in the dental arches achieves good esthetics  and  stability,  and a perfect  tooth  position  provides  ideal conditions  for  good  health  and  optimal  care of teeth. However, crowding of teeth is considered as the most common type of malocclusion. Aims: To quantify crowding by assessing the tooth size arch size discrepancy in crowded and non crowded arches. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on study casts obtained from sixty randomly selected students from College of Dentistry– University of Sulaimani in Kurdistan of Iraq with their age ranged from 19-24 years who were divided into crowded and noncrowded groups. For each group cumulative and individual tooth width and arch length were measured. They have been diagnosed and selected according to some specific criteria. Results: The study showed significant difference in the arch length measurement between the non crowded & crowded (P>0.01). No significant difference of the mesiodistal sums of entire arches between the non crowded and crowded samples (P>0.05) was observed while by individual measurements of tooth mesiodistal dimension highly significant difference were found only in the right lateral incisor (P=0.001) Conclusion: The arch length was the associated factors in contribution of dental crowding. Keywords: Dental crowding, malocclusion, arch dimensions

Physicochemical Characteristics Identification and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Solid Herbal Waste as Source of Feed Rich Fiber and Supplement for Ruminants

A study was conducted to determine the potency, physicochemical characteristics, and analyzed the secondary metabolites content of solid herbal waste (SWH) as a substitute source of feed rich fibre and feed supplements in ruminants. The first study includes an analysis of production potential, physical analysis, and chemical composition analysis of SWH. The second study was an analysis of secondary metabolites content of SWH. The results showed that SWH volume reached 6-8 m3/day or 4020-5360 kg/day, the chemical composition of herbal solid waste was similar to king grass with high lignin content (17.53%). SWH containing total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins , alkaloids and essential oils which generally have antimicrobial activity. According to the potential availability, chemical composition and secondary metabolites content of SWH, it can be used as an alternative for substitute of feed rich fiber or feed supplements with attention to the content of secondary metabolites that can affect the process of fermentation and digestibility in the rumen. Further in vitro and in vivo research ore needed to determine the effect of SWH on rumen fermentation parameters and its application in the ration in ruminant livestock

Seafloor Morphology Influences on Current Condition in a Sunda Strait Bridge Project Using Numerical Model

It has been more than 50 years since the idea to construct the bridge of Sunda Strait was inspirited by Prof. Sedyatmo. This issued is very important due to accelerate the economic growth between Sumatera Island and Java Island which is known as the densest population in the Indonesia. However, until today the bridge is still not construct yet because the high budget and the lack of technical data are still being problems. One of the most important data is current condition along the Sunda Strait. Unfortunately, no one has been clearly studied about current condition along Sunda Strait. Therefore, the information about current condition would be completed to fulfil the lack of data and information. The RV Geomarine I, as a research vessel conducted the survey in October 2012 that one of the objectives is to get the impression about the current condition around the bridge plan. Attaching echo sounder of bathy 1500 to get the depth profile and applied the RD Instrument ADCP Mobile Workhorse Monitor 300 kHz to collect the real current data and analyze the current using numerical model by Mike 21 were carried out to describe the condition of the current around the bridge proposed. In addition, the detail flexible mesh of hydrodynamic model is applied along bridge plan to analyse the current condition that caused by seafloor morphology. Based on the ADCP data it would be seen that the highest velocity record of the current occurs at October 18th 2012 at line 19 with the value 2.63 m/sec. Nevertheless, the numerical model shown the highest current velocity occurs around the northwest of Sangiang Island where the speed attains more than 4.59 m/sec.Keywords: Seafloor morphology, Sunda Strait bridge, current condition, numerical model, the Sunda Strait Ide pembangunan jembatan di Selat Sunda telah ada lebih dari 50 tahun yang lalu, hal tersebut diinspirasikan oleh Prof. Sedyatmo. Isu tersebut sangat penting untuk mengakselerasi pertumbuhan ekonomi di antara Pulau Sumatera dan Pulau Jawa, dimana diketahui sebagai pulau yang memiliki populasi terpadat di Indonesia. Namun, hingga saat ini jembatan tersebut masih belum terbangun disebabkan oleh masalah keuangan, dan kurangnya data teknis penunjang. Salah satu data terpenting adalah data arus di Selat Sunda. Namun, tidak ada satupun yang secara khusus melakukan penyelidikan tentang arus di sepanjang Selat Sunda. Untuk itu, informasi tentang kondisi arus akan dilakukan untuk memenuhi kekurangan data dan informasi. KR Geomarin I, sebagai kapal riset telah melakukan penelitian pada bulan oktober 2012 dimana salah satu tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi arus di sekitar rencana jembatan. Dengan menggunakan echousounder bathy 1500 untuk mendapatkan profil kedalaman dan RD Instrument ADCP Mobile Workhorse Monitor 300 khz untuk mengumpulkan data arus sesaat dan melakukan analisa arus di sekitar rencana jembatan menggunakan model numeric Mike 21. Detail flexible mesh di sepanjang rencana jembatan diaplikasikan pada model hidrodinamika untuk menganalisa kondisi arus di sekitar area tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil survey ADCP maka dapat diketahui nilai kecepatan air terbesar terhadi pada tanggal 18 Oktober 2012 pada lintasan 19 dengan nilai 2,63 m/det. Sementara, hasil model numeric menunjukkan nilai arus tertinggi terjadi di sekitar barat laut Pulau Sangiang dengan kecepatan lebih dari 4.59 m/det

Optimal Path Planning Obstacle Avoidance of Robot Manipulator System using Bézier Curve

One of the problem that faced by engineers in most automated factories that require the need to move things from one place to another in an automated space with obstacles on its way the shortest route and the least time it takes to reach the goal. This paper presents an optimal path planning of 5DOF Lab-Volt 5250 robot manipulator joints and gripper to move from the given start point to the desired goal point without any collision with the obstacles whose boundaries are enveloped by a spherical shape, the size and the height of the obstacle is taken into account. The path planning approach presented is suggested in the robot joint space by using Bézier curve technique. The particle swarm optimization PSO method is used to get the optimal path with the shortest distance and the least time to move the end-effector from the initial point to the final point without hitting any obstacles which exist in the robot environment. This work is not  limited to theoretical studies or simulations, but several experiments cases were tested in different situations in a static environment known to test the robot's arm's ability to reach the desired target without hitting any obstacles with the shortest distance  and least time

Improved hippocampal dose with reduced margin radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme

BACKGROUND: To dosimetrically evaluate the effect of reduced margin radiotherapy on hippocampal dose for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. METHODS: GBM patients enrolled on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0825 trial at our institution were identified. Standard RTOG 0825 expansions were 2 cm + 3-5 mm from the gross tumor volume (GTV) to the clinical tumor volume (CTV) and from the CTV to the planning tumor volume (PTV), respectively. These same patients also had reduced margin tumor volumes generated with 8 mm (GTV to CTV) + 3 mm (CTV to PTV) expansions. Individual plans were created for both standard and reduced margin structures. The dose-volume histograms were statistically compared with a paired, two-tailed Student’s t-test with a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 16 patients were enrolled on RTOG 0825. The reduced margins resulted in statistically significant reductions in hippocampal dose at all evaluated endpoints. The hippocampal D(max) was reduced from a mean of 61.4 Gy to 56.1 Gy (8.7%), D(40%) was reduced from 49.9 Gy to 36.5 Gy (26.9%), D(60%) was reduced from 32.7 Gy to 18.7 Gy (42.9%) and the D(80%) was reduced from 27.3 Gy to 15.3 Gy (44%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of reduced margin PTV expansions in the treatment of GBM patients results in significant reductions in hippocampal dose. Though the exact clinical benefit of this reduction is currently unclear, this study does provide support for a future prospective trial evaluating the neurocognitive benefits of reduced margin tumor volumes in the treatment of GBM patients

Does malaria during pregnancy affect the newborn?

Objective: To investigate the effect of malarial infection during pregnancy on the newborn.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at The Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, using in-patient hospital records over an 11-year period from 1988 to 1999. The incidence of preterm delivery, low birth weight (LBW) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in 29 pregnant women with malaria, was compared with that in 66 selected pregnant women without malaria, who delivered at the AKUH during the same time period.Results: Pregnant women with malaria had a 3.1 times greater risk of preterm labor (p=0.14). They were more likely to be anaemic compared to women without malaria (RR=2.9, 95% CI=1.6-5.4) and had a significantly lower mean haemoglobin level (p=0.0001). Maternal malaria was significantly associated with LBW babies (p=0.001). The mean birth weight of infants born to pregnant women with malaria was 461 g less (p=0.0005). No significant association was, however, found between malarial infection during pregnancy and IUGR (p=0.33).CONCLUSION: Malarial infection during pregnancy is associated with poor maternal and fetal outcome. It is significantly associated with maternal anaemia and LBW infants. Appropriate measures must, therefore, be taken to prevent malaria during pregnancy, especially in endemic areas

A trial sequential meta-analysis of TNF-α –308G\u3eA (rs800629) gene polymorphism and susceptibility to colorectal cancer

© 2019 The Author(s). Purpose: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), secreted by the activated macrophages, may participate in the onset and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The association of TNF-α –308 G\u3eA (rs1800629) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with CRC risk has been investigated by many studies but the results are inconclusive. A trial sequential meta-analysis was performed for precise estimation of the relationship between TNF-α –308 G\u3eA gene polymorphism with CRC risk. Methods: Medline (PubMed), EMBASE (Excerpta-Medica) and Google Scholar were mined for relevant articles. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the significance of association. Results: The pooled analysis indicated no risk associated with TNF-α –308 G\u3eA SNP and overall CRC risk in five genetic comparison models, i.e. allelic (A vs. G: P = 0.524; OR = 1.074, 95% CI = 0.863–1.335), homozygous (AA vs. GG: P = 0.489; OR = 1.227, 95% CI = 0.688–2.188), heterozygous (AG vs. GG: P = 0.811; OR = 1.024, 95% CI = 0.843–1.244), dominant (AA+AG vs. GG: P = 0.630; OR = 1.055, 95% CI = 0.849–1.311) and recessive (AA vs. AG+GG: P = 0.549; OR = 1.181, 95% CI = 0.686–2.033). Subgroup analysis revealed that TNF-α –308 G\u3eA SNP is associated with reduced risk of CRC in Asian ethnicity. The study showed no publication bias. Conclusions: No association of TNF-α –308 G\u3eA SNP with overall CRC risk was found. This SNP is likely to be protective against CRC in Asian population when compared with Caucasian population. Larger prospective-epidemiological studies are warranted to elucidate the roles of TNF-α –308 G\u3eA SNP in the etiology of CRC and to endorse the present findings

Evaluasi Pelaksanaan RANHAM 2004-2009 dan Rencana Ratifikasi Optional Protocol To The Convention Against Torture (CAT) dalam RANHAM 2004-2009 dan Perencanaan RANHAM 2010-2014

Dalam rangka mengevaluasi kepatuhan (comply) Pemerintah Indonesia dalam menjalankan United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT) yang telah dirati kasi dengan UU No 5 1998, Kemitraan merasa perlu mengadakan kajian ini karena alasan-alasan berikut: (i) Secara hukum Indonesia wajib menjalankan UNCAT karena telah mengikatkan diri pada Konvensi tersebut sejak tahun 1998, sehingga semua pasal-pasal UNCAT (kecuali pasal 20 karena Indonesia mengecualikan diri) bersifat wajib atau legally binding untuk melaksanakannya. (ii) Indonesia belum sepenuhnya mengintegrasikan UNCAT dalam sejumlah peraturan Perundang-undangan nasional sehingga perlu dicermati secara khusus. (iii) Rencana Aksi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (RANHAM) 1998-2003 dan RANHAM 2004-2009 dirasa masih memiliki kekosongan substansi dan pelaksanaannya belum konsisten dengan apa yang dituangkan dalam ke dua RANHAM tersebut. Berdasarkan alan-alasan di atas dan makin maraknya pelanggaran HAM yang terjadi di Indonesia, Kemitraan dengan bantuan dana dari Uni Eropa mencoba mengevaluasi secara komprehensive pelaksanaan RANHAM 2004-2009 dan melihat kemungkinan rencana rati kasi Optional Protocol UNCAT yang telah disepakati oleh Majelis Umum PBB pada tanggal 18 Desember 2002 dan telah enter into force pada tanggal 22 Juni 2006. Disamping itu, kajian ini juga memberikan masukan bagi Perencanaan RANHAM 2010-2014

Clinicopathological Profile and Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Tuberculosis: A Single Centre Experience in Northwestern Tanzania.

Abdominal tuberculosis continues to be a major public health problem worldwide and poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to general surgeons practicing in resource-limited countries. This study was conducted to describe the clinicopathological profile and outcome of surgical treatment of abdominal tuberculosis in our setting and compare with what is described in literature. A prospective descriptive study of patients who presented with abdominal tuberculosis was conducted at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) in northwestern Tanzania from January 2006 to February 2012. Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from relevant authorities. Statistical data analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0. Out of 256 patients enrolled in the study, males outnumbered females. The median age was 28 years (range = 16-68 years). The majority of patients (77.3%) had primary abdominal tuberculosis. A total of 127 (49.6%) patients presented with intestinal obstruction, 106 (41.4%) with peritonitis, 17 (6.6%) with abdominal masses and 6 (2.3%) patients with multiple fistulae in ano. Forty-eight (18.8%) patients were HIV positive. A total of 212 (82.8%) patients underwent surgical treatment for abdominal tuberculosis. Bands /adhesions (58.5%) were the most common operative findings. Ileo-caecal region was the most common bowel involved in 122 (57.5%) patients. Release of adhesions and bands was the most frequent surgical procedure performed in 58.5% of cases. Complication and mortality rates were 29.7% and 18.8% respectively. The overall median length of hospital stay was 32 days and was significantly longer in patients with complications (p < 0.001). Advanced age (age ≥ 65 years), co-morbid illness, late presentation, HIV positivity and CD4+ count < 200 cells/μl were statistically significantly associated with mortality (p < 0.0001). The follow up of patients were generally poor as only 37.5% of patients were available for follow up at twelve months after discharge. Abdominal tuberculosis constitutes a major public health problem in our environment and presents a diagnostic challenge requiring a high index of clinical suspicion. Early diagnosis, early anti-tuberculous therapy and surgical treatment of the associated complications are essential for survival

Conceivable security risks and authentication techniques for smart devices

With the rapidly escalating use of smart devices and fraudulent transaction of users’ data from their devices, efficient and reliable techniques for authentication of the smart devices have become an obligatory issue. This paper reviews the security risks for mobile devices and studies several authentication techniques available for smart devices. The results from field studies enable a comparative evaluation of user-preferred authentication mechanisms and their opinions about reliability, biometric authentication and visual authentication techniques